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JOERG 

RECENT    GEOGRAPHICAL 
WORK    IN    EUROPE 


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RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE 

/«  By  W.  L.  G.  JoERG 

Great  Britain 432  Norway 469 

France 438  Sweden 470 

Germany 441  Finland 473 

Italy 449  Tlie  Baltic  States  475 

Spain       454  Poland     ...  .    .  475 

Portugal      437  Czechoslovakia  .  477 

.     Belgium 458  Hungary  .  .    .  478 

The  Netherlands 460  Rumania         .  480 

Switzerland 462  Yugoslavia  .  482 

Austria 464  Bulgaria  483 

Denmark 468  O  ^  Vf 483 

The  present  article  is  based  on  observations  made  in  1921  while  on  six 
months'  leave  of  absence  granted  by  the  American  Geographical  Society 
and  during  a  sojourn  in  Europe  ten  to  thirteen  years  before,  as  well  as  on 
printed  sources  of  information.  The  countries  visited  on  both  occasions  were 
England,  France,  Germany,  Belgium,  the  Netherlands,  Switzerland,  and 
Italy.  In  addition  there  were  visited,  in  192 1,  Scotland  and  Spain,  and,  on 
the  earlier  occasion,  the  following  countries  (as  now  constituted) :  Denmark, 
Czechoslovakia,  Austria,  Hungary,  Yugoslavia,  and  Rumania.  The  discus- 
sion, which  attempts  to  deal  with  all  of  Europe  except  Russia,  lays  no  claim 
to  being  balanced  or  uniform  in  emphasis;  indeed,  it  only  reflects  what  has 
■happened  to  come  to  the  ^Titer's  attention.  For  the  inevitable  omissions, 
and  for  the  possible  inaccuracy  in  statement  of  information  learned  in 
conversation  only,  the  writer  begs  the  indulgence  of  his  fellow-workers 
abroad.  For  their  many  courtesies  and  their  constant  helpfulness  he  is 
deeply  grateful. 

On  the  accompanying  map  are  shown  uni\'ersities  giving  instruction  in 
geography  and  geographical  societies,  as  the  existence  or  non-existence  of 
such  institutions  possibly  best  reflects  the  general  state  of  development  of 
geography  in  a  given  country.  This  information  is  compiled  from  the  latest 
edition    of    handbooks    and    other    publications,^    checked    from    personal 

'  Especially  the  general  handbooks:  (i)  Minerva:  Jahrbuch  der  gelehrten  Welt,  Vol.  25  for  1921,  Berlin 
and  Leipzig,  192 1;  (2)  Index  Generalis:  Annuairc  general  dcs  univcrsit^s,  etc.,  2nd  issue,  Paris,  192  [.  For  the 
respective  countries  the  following  are  valuable:  (i)  .\thena:  A  Yearbook  of  the  Learned  World:  The  English 
Speaking  Races,  New  York,  1920;  (2)  Les  ressourccs  du  travail  intellectuel  en  France,  Paris,  192 1;  (3)  Annua- 
rio  degli  istituti  scientifici  italiani,  2nd  issue,  Bologna  and  Rome,  1920. 

Of  geographical  societies  the  only  systematic  list  still  is  the  one  in  Geogr.  Jahrbuch,  Vol.  32  for  1909,  pp.  411- 
418.  More  recent  Information  with  regard  to  some  may  be  found  in  Index  Generalis  for  1921,  pp.  1342-1349 
(incomplete  list),  and  for  individual  countries  in  the  regional  handbooks  referred  to  above;  for  France,  in  addi- 
tion, in  La  Geoar.,  Vol.  36,  1921,  p.  141. 

A  general  survey  of  the  status  of  geography  in  the  different  countries  is  afforded  (i)  by  the  conference  held 
at  the  University  of  Virginia  during  the  American  Geographical  Society's  Transcontinental  Excursion  of  1912 
(Proceedings  of  a  Called  Meeting  of  the  Scientific  Section,  Univ.  of  Virginia  Pubis.:  Proc.  Philos.  Soc,  1911-12, 
pp.  99-134,  and  The  Conference  on  Geographic-al  Education  Held  During  the  Transcontinental  E,xcursion 
of  1912,  Bull.  Amer.  Geogr.  Soc,  Vol.  46,  1914,  pp.  121-126)  and  (2)  by  the  reports  of  progress  during  the 
last  2$  years  made  to  the  Tenth  International  Geographical  Congress  at  Rome,  1913  {AUi  del  X  Congr.  Internaz, 
di  Geogr.,  Roma  1913,  Rome,  i9i,S,  pp.  116-392).  Cf.  also  pp.  13.s-1.j9  of  R.  H.  Whitbeck:  Geography  in 
American  and  European  Universities,  Journ.  of  Geogt.,  Vol.  18,  1919,  pp.  129-141. 


55974 


432  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 

obsenation.  The  point  of  \-ie\v  is,  on  the  whole,  consenati\e.  Lh\\y 
universities  are  shown  at  which  geography  in  the  modern  sense  is  taught;  in 
some  cases  one  or  two  branches  only  may  be  represented,  such  as  phytogeog- 
raphy  or  oceanography,  but  at  the  great  majority-  of  uni\-ersities  shown  the 
subject  is  presented  comp'etely.  Of  geographical  societies  it  is  intended  to 
show  only  those  that  are  doing  active  work  (mainly,  publishing),  with  due 
allowance  for  war  interruption.  Where  a  society  maintains  a  number  of 
branches,  as  is  the  case  with  several  societies,  particularly  in  France,  only 
the  main  societ>-  is  shown.  For  the  countries  other  than  Russia  not  shown 
(»n  the  map  (Rumania,  Bulgaria,  Greece)  the  uni\ersities  and  geographical 
societies  are  indicated  in  the  title.  Other  institutions  of  importance  to 
geography,  such  as  survey  organizations  and  institutions  devoted  to  related 
sciences,  are  not  shown  on  the  nic^p;  some  of  them  are  referred  to  in  the  text. 

Great  Britain 

In  keeping  with  her  traditional  liberalism,  Britain,  more  than  any  other 
coimtry  in  Europe,  it  would  seem,  is  making  geography  serve  as  a  medium 
for  the  more  sympathetic  understanding  of  other  peoples.  In  England,  too, 
as  on  the  Continent,  the  subject  is  of  course  being  advanced  for  its  utilitarian 
value,  for  the  knowledge  that  is  power,  but  nowhere  else  is  its  ideal  function 
being  emphasized  so  much  as  in  England.  The  late  Professor  Herbertson 
may  be  counted  as  one  of  the  leading  exponents  of  this  view\  We  need  only 
recall  his  last  papers,"Regional  Environment,  Heredity,  and  Consciousness"  ^ 
and  "The  Higher  Units."'  It  is  generally  conceded  that  he  was  on  the 
threshold  of  great  things  when  his  career  was  cut  short.  His  untimely  death 
has  been  a  great  loss.  But  his  Avork  goes  on.  Professor  H.  J.  Fleure 
of  the  University  College  of  Wales  at  Aberystw-yth  approaches  the  problem 
from  the  anthropological  side,  from  the  study  of  early  civilizations.  By 
studying  the  accumulated  tradition  of  a  people,  he  aims  to  gain  an  insight 
into  their  spirit.*  Applied  to  the  local  region,  this  method  is  the  essence  of 
the  "regional  surv'ey"  movement,*  which  has  a  widespread  following.  By 
imparting  an  understanding  of  the  genius  loci,  it  aims  to  train  for  better 
citizenship.  This  movement  is  in  large  measure  the  outgrow^th  of  the  w^ork 
of  Professor  Patrick  Geddes  and  puts  into  effect  the  ideas  of  his  Outlook 
Tower  in  Edinburgh,  a  museum  of  civic  geography  with  a  world  outlook.^ 
Professor  Geddes  was  appointed  after  the  war  to  the  chair  of  sociology  at 
the  University  of  Bombay,  following  the  fruitful  application  of  the  town- 
planning  principles  of  his  "Cities  in  Evolution"  (London,  1915)  to  Indian 

^GeogT.  Teacher.  Vol.  8,  1915-16,  pp.  I47-I53- 

*  Scienlia  (published  in  Bologna),  1913.  No.  S- 

♦  Cf.  "Human  Geography  in  Western  Europe,"  London,  1918;  France:  A  Regional  Interpretation,  Scottish 
Geogr.  Mag.,  Vol.  32,  1916,  pp.  519-534  (on  both  publications  see  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  6,  1918,  pp.  SIS-S16);  Coun- 
tries as  Personalities  (address  at  meeting  of  British  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Edinburgh,  Sept.  12,  1921). 

»  Cf.  A  Conference  on  Regional  Surveys.  Geogr.  Teacher,  Vol.  8,  1915-16,  pp.  89-102  and  164-172. 

•  In  it  are  embodied  some  of  the  ideas  expressed  in  Patrick  Geddes:  Note  on  Draft  Plan  for  Institute  of 
Geography,  Scottish  Geogr.  Mag.,  Vol.  18,  1902.  pp.  142-144,  with  plan;  and  J.  G.  Bartholomew:  A  Plea  for  a 
National  Institute  of  Geography,  ibid.,  pp.  144-148. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE 


433 


cities.  Quite  recently  he  has  been  engaged  on  similar  work  for  Jerusalem." 
Dr.  J.  F.  Unstead,  head  of  the  geography  department  at  Birkbeck  College, 
University  of  London,  is  another  advocate  of  world  knowledge  as  a  basis  for 


•  Unmrsilics  giring  inslrvcliom  "^  ~ 
m  geography  l^  g 

o  Geographical  societies.   JS 


Fig.  I — Map  showing  tlie  universities  giving  instruction  in  geography  and  tlie  geographical  societies  of 
Western  Europe.  Scale,  i  :  22,soo,ooo.  To  cover  the  same  ground  as  the  text,  the  following  should  be 
added:  in  Rumania,  universities  at  Bukharcst,  Jassy,  Cluj  (Kolozsvar),  Czernowitz,  and  geographical  society 
at  Bukharest;  in  Bulgaria,  university  at  Sofia. 

a  sympathetic  understanding  of  other  peoples.  As  chairman  of  the  Geo- 
graphical Committee  of  the  League  of  Nations  Union  he  has  been  devoting 
himself  to  this  problem.  His  views  are  expressed  in  two  recent  publications, 
a  book  entitled  "Europe  of  Today"  (London,  1921),  the  first  of  a  series  of 

'  Patrick  Geddes:    The  City  of  Jerusalem,  Garden  Ctlies  and  Town-Planning  (London),  Vol.  ii,  1921,  pp. 
251-254. 


434 


THE  GEOGIL-VPHICAL  REVIEW 


"Citizens  of  the  Wmlcl  C"n.»)i;Taphies,"  and  a  p\iper  on  "The  Study  and  Teach- 
ing of  International  Relations.""  The  study  of  one  of  the  most  important 
questions  of  international  relations  has  been  taken  up  by  Professor  P.  M. 
Roxby  of  the  I'niversity  of  Liverpool.  In  1912-13,  as  Kahn  Traveling 
Fellow,  he  visited  China  and  Japan,  and  he  is  at  present  in  China  as  adviser 
to  the  Chinese  Government  in  the  reorganization  of  the  schools  and  colleges 
hitherto  maintained  by  missionary  societies.  It  is  expected  that  Professor 
Roxby  will  \isit  the  I'nited  States  on  his  return  to  England  this  summer. 
He  has  dealt  with  his  field  of  study  mainly  in  "The  F'ar  Kastern  Question  in 
Its  Geographical  Setting"*"  and  "Some  AsjK'Cts  of  the  Geograj^hy  of  China."'" 

Senior  Workers  in  Geography 

Of  those  who  were  closely  associated  with  the  creation  of  modern  geog- 
raphy in  Great  Britain  several  are  still  active.  Sir  John  Scott  Keltic,  late 
Secretary  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  whose  fundamental  investi- 
gation of  the  status  of  geography  on  the  Continent,  undertaken  in  1884  and 
1885  on  the  Society's  behalf,  provided  the  groundwork  for  the  action  taken 
in  introducing  the  subject  in  British  universities,  is  still  vigorous  in  spite 
of  his  four  score  years  and  more,  as  evidenced  by  his  recent  report  on 
"The  Position  of  Geography  in  British  Universities"^^  and  his  earlier 
"Thirty  Years'  Progress  in  Geographical  Education."'-  Sir  H.  J.  Mackinder, 
who  preceded  Herbertson  as  Reader  at  Oxford,  has  remained,  as  member 
of  Parliament,  loyal  to  our  subject.  His  suggestive  book  "Democratic 
Ideals  and  Reality"  (London,  1919),'^  indeed,  is  a  fruitful  application  of  the 
geographical  viewpoint  to  political  questions.  His  continued  activity  on 
behalf  of  the  advancement  of  geography  is  betokened  by  his  "Presidential 
Address  to  the  Geographical  Association,  191 6"'"*  and  "Geography  as  a 
Pivotal  Subject  in  Education."'^  Dr.  H.  R.  Mill,  the  veteran  Director  of  the 
British  Rainfall  Organization,  whose  failing  eyesight  forced  him  to  relinquish 
that  position  in  1919,  has  fortunately  so  recovered  that  he  is  again  able  to 
be  an  active  participant  in  geographical  meetings.  His  recent  Herbertson 
Memorial  Lecture,  "The  Value  of  Regional  Geography,"'®  will  be  read  with 
interest,  not  the  least  because  of  its  reminiscent  strain. 

Geography  at  the  Universities 

As  regards  the  present  representation  of  geography  at  the  universities: 
sixteen  out  of  a  total  of  eighteen  in  Great  Britain  include  the  subject  in  their 

^Ceogr.  Teacha,  Vol.  ii.  1921-22,  pp.  136-140. 

*Geogr.  Teacher,  Vol.  10,  1919-20,  pp.  82-90,  142-150,  and  253-269,  with  map  on  p.  270  (abstracted  in 
the  Ceogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  12,  1922,  pp.  138-139)- 

^0  Ibid.,  Vol.  8,  1915-16,  pp.  i-S- 

>>,4m«'.  Geogr.  Soc.  Research  Series  No.  4,  New  York,  192 1. 

^^Geogr.  Teacher,  Vol.  7.  1913-14.  PP-  215-227. 
X       •' Cf.  F.  J.  Teggart:   Geography  as  an  Aid  to  Statecraft:   An  .Appreciation  of  Mackinder's  "Democratic  Ideals 
and  Reality,"  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  8,  1919,  PP-  227-242. 

^*  Geogr.  Teacher,  Vol.  8,  1915-16.  pp.  271-277- 

^*Geogr.  Journ.,  Vol.  57,  1921,  pp.  376-384. 

^*  Geogr.  Teacher,  Vol.  11,  1921-22,  pp.  63-75  (incorrectly  numbered  pp.  7-19).  Noticed  in  Geogr.  Rev.,'Vo\. 
II,  1921,  p.  629. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  435 

curriculum.  At  ten  of  these  it  is  a  subject  for  the  Honours  degree,  i.e.  a 
degree  requiring  advanced  work  and  specialization.^^  At  Oxford,  which 
was  the  first  and  remains  the  best  equipped  School  of  Geography,  Mr.  H.  O. 
Beckit  is  Reader.  In  addition,  geography  is  the  gainer  by  the  work  of 
Professor  J.  L.  M>Tes  in  the  relations  of  history  and  geography  and  of 
Dr.  D.  G.  Hogarth  on  the  Near  East.  Some  aspects  of  the  war  work  with 
which  Dr.  Hogarth  was  in  touch  as  head  of  the  Arab  Bureau  in  Cairo  he 
has  fascinatingly  described  in  two  articles.^^  His  Presidential  Address  on 
"Applied  Geography"^^  before  Section  E  (Geography)  at  the  Edinburgh 
meeting  of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  in 
September,  1921,  will  also  be  read  with  interest.  At  Cambridge  the  present 
Honours  standing  of  geography  dates  from  the  establishment  of  the  Geo- 
graphical Tripos,  in  1919.^"  Mr.  Philip  Lake  is  Reader  in  regional  and 
physical  geography,  Mr.  H.  Yule  Oldham  lecturer  in  historical  geography, 
and  Mr.  Frank  Debenham  lecturer  in  cartography.  Mr.  Debenham,  who 
was  a  member  of  Scott's  Antarctic  expedition,  has  recently  been  advocating 
the  establishment  of  a  polar  research  institute.^^  Dr.  A.  C.  Haddon's  work 
as  Reader  in  ethnology  has  much  geographical  bearing. 

Among  other  universities  where  geography  is  being  actively  forwarded 
should  be  mentioned:  the  University  of  Liverpool,  where  Professor  Roxby 
has  built  up  a  strong  department,  recently  acquiring  an  entire  private 
house,  which  has  been  made  over  and  furnished  with  a  wide  range  of  equip- 
ment; the  University  of  London,  with  which  are  connected  Mr.  James 
Fairgrieve,  author  of  "Geography  and  World  Power"  (London,  1915),  who 
gave  a  course  on  "The  Geographical  Factor  in  History"  at  the  University 
of  Chicago  during  the  1921  summer  term,  and  (at  University  College) 
Professor  L.  W.  Lyde,  well  known  for  his  "The  Continent  of  Europe" 
(London,  1913),  as  professor  of  economic  geography;  the  L^niversity  College 
of  Wales  at  Aberystwyth,  where  Professor  Fleure,  through  his  courses  and 
his  editorship  of  the  Geographical  Teacher,  is  exercising  marked  influence 
on  the  development  of  geographic  thought  in  Great  Britain;  the  University 
of  Leeds,  where  t^e  Reader  is  C.  B.  Fawcett,  whose  discussion  of  a  proposed 
new  administrative  subdivision  of  Great  Britain  on  geographical  lines  has 
recently  appeared  in  book  form;^^  the  University  of  Sheffield,  where  Dr. 

'^  On  geography  in  British  universities  cf.  the  valuable  tabular  synopsis  in  Scottish  Geogr.  Mag.,  Vol.  37,  1921, 
pp.  272-273,  and  the  account  by  Sir  J.  S.  Keltic  mentioned  in  footnote  11  as  well  as  the  synopsis  in  Gcogr. 
Teacher,  Vol.  7,  1913-14,  pp.  194-209,  and  the  previous  synopses  there  mentioned.  On  British  universities  in 
general  cf.:  The  Universities  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland:  A  Handbook  Compiled  by 
the  Universities  Bureau  of  the  British  Empire,  Board  of  Education  Educational  Pamphlet  No.  3,^,  London,  1918 
(prepared  on  the  occasion  of  the  visit  of  delegates  from  British  universities  to  American  universities  at  the  invi- 
tation of  the  Council  of  National  Defense). 

'8  War  and  Discovery  in  Arabia, Geogr.  Jowrn.,  Vol. ss,  1920,  pp.422-439;  Some  Recent  .\rabian  Explorations, 
Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11,  1921,  pp.  321-337. 

"  E.g.  in  .Scientific  Monthly,  Vol.  13,  1921,  pp.  322-327. 

2"  Cf.  Philip  Lake:  The  Geographical  School  at  Cambridge,  Geogr.  Teacher,  Vol.  10,  1919,  pp.  8o-8t;  and 
W.  M.  Davis:  Geography  at  Cambridge  University,  England,  Joiirn.  of  Geogr.,  Vol.  19,  1920,  pp.  207-2I0. 

"  Frank  Debenham:    The  Future  of  Polar  Exploration,  Geogr.  Journ.,  Vol.  57,  192 1,  pp.  182-204. 

22  Provinces  of  England:  A  Study  of  Some  Geographical  Aspects  of  Devolution,  London,  1919  (expanded 
from  Natural  Divisions  of  England,  Geogr.  Journ.,  Vol.  49,  1917,  pp.  124-141,  abstracted  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol. 
7,  I9l9i  pp.  114-11S,  with  map). 


436  THE  GEOGRArmCAL  KICVIKW 

R.  N.  Riidmose  Brown,  who  has  specialized  in  Spitsbergen,-'  is  head  of  the 
depaitnicnt;  the  University  College,  Southampton,  at  which  Professor 
W.  H.  Barker  has  been  developing  an  Institute  of  Geographical  Study, 
fa\ored  by  the  proximity  of  the  Ordnance  Surve>'  and  the  world  "clearing- 
house" function  of  the  port;  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  at  which  geography 
has  long  been  represented  by  Mr.  G.  G.  Chisholm,  who  is  at  present  produc- 
ing a  new  edition  of  his  well-known  "Handbook  of  Commercial  Geography"; 
and  the  IniNcrsity  of  Aberdeen,  at  which  Mr.  John  Macfarlane  is  lecturer 
in  geography.  The  old-established  geography  department  at  the  Victoria 
I'niversitN-  of  Manchester  has,  since  Mr.  A.  G.  Ogilvie  joined  the  staff  of 
the  American  Geographical  Society,  unfortunately  been  without  a  head;  but 
this  condition  will  soon  be  changed,  as,  it  is  understood.  Professor  Barker 
has  accepted  a  call  to  go  there. 

Work  of  Ixstitutioxs 

Institutions  other  than  universities  are,  of  course,  contributing  to  the 
advancement  of  geography  in  Great  Britain.  Of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society's  work  there  can  only  be  mentioned  the  Mt.  Everest  expedition, 
the  recently  inaugurated  Technical  Series,"^  and  the  war-time  production,  in 
co-operation  with  the  Geographical  Section  of  the  General  Staff,  of  a  map 
on  the  scale  of  i  :  i  ,000,000  covering  practically  all  of  Europe  and  the  Near 
East,  which  took  the  place  of  the — for  the  greater  part  of  the  area — non- 
existent International  Map  of  the  World  and  which  did  substantial  service 
during  the  war.  The  war  work  of  the  Ordnance  Surv'ey  is  described  in 
"The  Ordnance  Surs'C}^  and  the  War,  1914-1919,"  published  by  the  Survey 
in  Southampton  in  1919.  The  position  of  Archeology  Officer,  recently 
created  on  the  staff  of  the  Survey,  is  filled  by  Mr.  O.  G.  S.  Crawford, 
author  of  "Man  and  His  Past"  (London,  1921)  and  the  article  "Prehistoric 
Geography"  in  the  Geographical  Review  for  April.  His  duties  involve  the 
search  for  and  indentification  of  ancient  remains,  including  prehistoric 
barrows  and  Roman  sites,  and  their  plotting  on  the  sixrinches-to-the-mile 
map.  The  Ordnance  Survey,  as  the  Central  Bureau,  has  also  recently 
published  a  report,  with  index  maps,  on  the  status  of  the  International  Map 
of  the  World. ^^  Of  the  various  war  and  peace  conference  publications  of 
government  bureaus  the  most  important  are  the  two  series  of  handbooks 
on  the  problem  areas  of  the  world  compiled  by  the  Historical  Section  of 
the  Foreign  Ofifice^^and  the  Geographical  Section  of  the  Naval  Intelligence 

5*  The  substance  of  several  articles  (e.  g.  Spitsbergen:  Terra  Nullius,  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  7,  1919.  PP.  311-321) 
is  contained  in  Dr.  Rudmose  Brown's  book  "Spitsbergen,"  Philadelphia,  1920. 

**  No.  i:  Some  Investigations  in  the  Theory  of  Map  Projections,  by  A.  E.  Young;  No.  2:  Alphabets  of 
Foreign  Languages  Transcribed  Into  English  According  to  the  R.  G.  S.  II  System,  by  Major-General  Lord 
Edward  Gleichen  and  J.  H.  Reynolds. 

"  Carte  du  Monde  au  Millionieme:  Rapport  pour  1921,  Bureau  Central,  Ordnance  Survey  Office,  Southamp- 
ton. 

»  For  a  list  see  Geogr.  Teacher,  Vol.  10,  1919-20,  p.  311.  See  also  Geogr.  Journ.,  Vol.  56,  1920,  pp.  216-219 
and  314-316. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  437 

Division.-^  New  geographical  work  on  the  far-flung  battle  lines  of  the  world 
war,^*  and  airplane  mapping,^^  are  reflected  in  many  articles. 

Mention  should  be  made  of  the  admirable  Edinburgh  (Aug.-Sept.-Oct. 
1 9 19)  and  Glasgow  (Jan.  1921)  numbers  of  the  Scottish  Geographical  Maga- 
zine,^°  the  former  with  a  suggestive  map  of  the  historical  growth  of  the  city 
by  the  late  Dr.  J.  G.  Bartholomew,  which  formed  a  valuable  corollary  to  the 
discussion  of  "The  Geography  of  Edinburgh  and  District:  Past,  Present,  and 
Future  Outlook"  at  a  session  of  Section  E  of  the  Edinburgh  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  and  to  the  handbook  issued  on  that  occasion.^'  At  that 
meeting  Dr.  Marion  I.  Newbigin,  editor  of  the  magazine,  read  an  illuminat- 
ing paper  on  "The  Mediterranean  City-State  in  Dalmatia."  From  her 
earlier  general  discussion  of  Balkan  geography,  of  which  this  paper  repre- 
sented a  special  problem,  she  has  recently  proceeded  to  a  geographical 
consideration  of  the  peace  settlements.^^ 

One  of  the  last  undertakings  to  which  the  late  Dr.  Bartholomew  was 
able  to  devote  his  attention  is  the  "Times  Survey  Atlas  of  the  World" 
(London,  192 1),  recently  completed.  The  use  throughout  the  atlas  of  the 
layer  method  to  represent  relief,  of  which  he  was  the  leading  exponent," 
is  a  distinctive  contribution,  which  for  the  first  time  in  a  work  of  this 
type  makes  this  fundamentally  important  geographical  element  easily 
understandable  by  the  general  public.  Among  other  outstanding  British 
map  publications  may  be  mentioned  the  recent  (London,  1922)  series,  by 
Mr.  George  Philip,  of  wall  maps  of  the  continents  showing  commercial 
development,  which  carry  out,  with  refinement  of  method,  the  suggestive 
manner  of  portraying  the  facts  of  economic  geography  which  he  outlined 
some  years  ago.^^  Of  interest  to  American  teachers  is  the  recent  publication, 
under  his  editorship,  of  a  set  of  maps  of  the  United  States  in  i :  4,500,000, 
in  the  series  by  Unstead  and  Taylor  in  which  there  is  a  map  for  each  of  the 
significant  phases  of  the  geography  of  each  continent. 

2'  For  a  list  see  Geogr.  Teacher,  Vol.  11,  1921-22,  p.  39  (the  issue  containing  this  page  is  incorrectly  allotted 
to  Vol.  12)  and  p.  113  (incorrectly  numbered  p.  57).     See  also  Geogr.  Journ.,  Vol.  57,  1921,  pp.  5I-S2. 

28  H.  St.  J.  B.  Philby,  Geogr-  Journ.,  Vol.  SS,  1920,  and  Vol.  56,  1920;  E.  H.  Keeling,  ibid.,  Vol.  SS.  I920;  L.  C. 
Dunster\-ille,  ibid..  Vol.  57,  1921;  Percy  Sykes,  ibid..  Vol.  s8,  1921;  L.  V.  S.  Blacker,  ibid..  Vol.  58,  1921;  and 
three  systematic  papers  by  A.  G.  Ogilvie:  Notes  on  the  Geography  of  Imbros,  Geogr.  Journ.,  Vol.  48,  1916,  pp. 
130-145;  A  Contribution  to  the  Geography  of  Macedonia,  ibid..  Vol.  ss,  1920,  pp.  1-34;  Physiography  and 
Settlements  in  Southern  Macedonia,  Gsogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11,  1921,  pp.  172-197. 

"  H.  H.  Thomas,  Geogr.  Journ.,  Vol.  S5.  1920;  H.  A.  Lloyd,  ibid..  Vol.  56,  1920;  S.  F.  Newcombe,  ibid..  Vol. 
56,  1920;  E.  M.  Dowson,  ibid..  Vol.  58,  1921. 

•"  See  note  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11,  1921,  pp.  298-299. 

»>  Edinburgh's  Place  in  Scientific  Progress.  Prepared  for  the  Edinburgh  Meeting  of  the  British  Association 
by  the  Local  Editorial  Committee,  Edinburgh  and  London,  1921.  (With  chapters  on  meteorology,  geology, 
oceanography,  and  geography.) 

»2  Aftermath:  A  Geographical  Study  of  the  Peace  Terms,  Edinburgh,  1920  (reviewed  in  the  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol. 
II,  1921,  p.  452). 

"  An  appreciation  of  Dr.  Bartholomew's  contribution  to  cartography  appears  in  the  obituary  notice, 
Scottish  Geogr.  Mag.,  Vol.  36.  1920,  pp.  183-185. 

"  A  New  Series  of  Economic  Maps  for  School  Use,  Geogr.  Journ.,  Vol.  so,  1917.  PP-  438-447.  with  map,  Eu- 
rasia:  Commercial  Development,  1:40,000,000. 


45S  THE  GEOGRArillCAL  REVIEW 

France 

Let  us  lunv  turn  to  I'rancc.^^  Geography  is  represented,  and  well  repre- 
sented, at  practically  all  of  the  sixteen  universities  of  France.*®  Nearly  all 
the  occupants  of  the  chairs  of  geography  are  pupils,  or  pupils  of  pupils,  of 
the  late  Vidal  de  la  Blache.'^  In  no  country',  it  may  be  said,  not  even  in 
Germany  with  her  Richthofen,  has  the  development  of  modern  geography 
so  centered  about  one  man  as  in  France.  And  France  may  be  content.  The 
school  that  she  has  developed  is  the  admiration  of  professional  geographers 
the  world  over.  The  national  ideals  of  unity  and  beauty,  translated  in  the 
scientific  world  into  synthesis  and  sense  of  proportion,  are  peculiarly  valuable 
in  geographic  work.  From  this  school  has  come,  and  is  coming,  that  excellent 
series  of  regional  studies  of  France,^*  introduced  by  Vidal  de  la  Blache's 
own  admirable  "La  France:  Tableau  geographique." 

Recognizing  that  an  adequate  regional  treatment  of  the  world  is  the 
fundamental  desideratum  of  modern  geography,  the  leading  French  geog- 
raphers had,  some  years  before  the  war,  begun  on  a  series  of  regional 
geographies  intended  to  cover  the  world,  in  which  each  region  or  country 
was  assigned  to  a  specialist.*^  Several  of  the  volumes  were  already  in 
manuscript  when  the  war  broke  out  and  completely  stopped  the  under- 
taking. Now,  fortunately,  it  is  possible  to  proceed  again,  and  we  may  within 
reasonable  time  look  forward  to  regional  geographies  of  the  first  order  from 
such  men  as  Gallois,  De  Martonne,  Demangeon,  and  others. 

Bibliographies 

Another  fundamental  undertaking  of  the  French,  the  annual  bibliography 
of  the  Annales  de  Geograpliie,  suppressed  by  the  war  since  the  volume 
covering  1913-14,  has  again  been  taken  up.  A  volume  covering  1915-19  has 
just  appeared,  edited  by  Monsieur  Elicio  Colin,  as  Monsieur  Louis  Rave- 
neau,  the  veteran  bibliographer,  felt  compelled  to  relinquish  the  editorship. 
Its  appearance  is  in  part  made  possible  by  a  subsidy  from  the  "Association 
de  Geographes  Frangais,"  a  recently  founded  organization  of  professional 

•'  For  an  excellent  brief  account  of  the  development  of  geography  in  France,  with  a  list  of  the  leading  works 
that  are  products  of  the  French  school,  see  E.  de  Martonne:  La  science  geographique,  pp.  375-396  of  Vol.  2 
of  "La  Science  Frangaise,"  2  vols..  Pans,  1915,  published  on  the  occasion  of  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  at 
San  Francisco. 

"  This  number  does  not  include  the  University  of  Algiers,  which  forms  part  of  the  French  university  system 
and  at  which  geography  is  well  represented,  ncr  the  five  Catholic  universities,  at  four  of  which  (Angers,  Lille, 
Lyons,  Paris)  geography  is  taught.  For  a  valuable  synopsis  of  geographical  courses  given  at  French  universities, 
see  "Cours  en  langue  frangaise  professes  pendant  I'annee  scolaire  1921-22,"  La  Geogr.  (Paris),  Vol.  36,  1921, 
pp.  555-538  (for  1920-21,  ibid..  Vol.  34,  1920,  pp.  425-427;  for  1899-1900,  Ann.  de  Ceogr.,  Vol.  9,  1900,  pp. 
83-85).  Cf.  also  L.  Gallois:  La  geographic  dans  I'enseignement  superieur  en  France,  La  Geografia  (Novara), 
Vol.  f"   1918.  pp.  495-500. 

"  On  Vidal  de  la  Blache's  influence  on  the  development  of  geography  in  France,  see  L.  Gallois  and  E.  de 
Martonne:  Paul  Vidal  de  la  Blache,  Geographen  Kalender,  Vol.  8,  19 10,  Gotha,  pp.  viii-xxx;  and  L.  Gallois: 
Paul  Vidal  de  la  Blache,  Ann.  de  Geogr. ,\o\.  27,  1918,  pp.  161-173. 

"List  in  De  Martonne,  La  science  geographique,  cited  above,  and  Geogr.  Teacher,  Vol.  9,  1917-18,  pp. 
202-203. 

*•  Cf.  note  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  i,  1916,  p.  55- 


RECENT  GEOGIL\PHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  439 

geographers  akin  to  our  own  Association  of  American  Geographers  and, 
indeed,  it  is  understood,  partly  inspired  by  it.  During  the  temporary  lapse 
of  this  publication  the  bibliography  compiled  by  S.  Reizler,  librarian  of 
the  Paris  Geographical  Society,  and  appearing  since  1919  (Vol.  32,  No.  5) 
in  each  number  of  its  monthly  organ,  La  Geographie,  has,  although  less 
systematic  and  critical,  done  invaluable  service. 


Geography  at  the  Sorbonxe 

Owing  to  the  French  system  of  centralization,  geography  is  of  course 
best  represented  at  the  University  of  Paris,  i.e.  at  the  Sorbonne.  It  is  there 
in  the  tried  hands  of  Professors  L.  Gallois,  E.  de  Martonne,  and  A.  Deman- 
geon.  Inasmuch  as  the  subject  has  in  France  had  the  opposite  development 
to  what  it  has  had  with  us,  namely  developing  from  history  instead  of 
from  geology,  in  its  modern  aspect  it  is  a  subject  belonging  primarily,  at 
all  the  universities,  to  the  Faculte  des  Lettres.  With  the  prestige  of  Paris, 
howe^•er,  geography,  as  physical  geography,  is  also  represented  on  the 
Faculte  des  Sciences  (by  Professor  L.  Gen  til)  .^°  But  the  modern  conception 
of  the  subject  prevails  so  completely  that  physical  geography  is  as  a  matter 
of  course  included  in  the  curriculum  of  the  Faculte  des  Lettres  at  the 
Sorbonne;  indeed  it  is  there  represented  by  Professor  De  Martonne.  As  a 
result  of  a  recent  gift  a  building  has  been  erected  in  the  university  quarter 
near  the  Prince  of  Monaco's  Institut  Oceanographique,  at  the  corner  of  the 
rue  St.  Jacques  and  the  rue  Pierre  Curie,  and  is  nearing  completion,  for 
the  exclusive  use  of  the  department  of  geography.  It  wall  house  the  staffs 
of  both  faculties.  With  this  needed  improvement  in  its  physical  equipment, 
we  may  look  forward  to  even  greater  things  from  this  center  of  French 
geographic  learning. 

The  Provincial  Universities 

Among  the  leading  geographers  at  the  provincial  universities  may  be 
mentioned  Professor  Raoul  Blanchard,  at  Grenoble,  who  has  built  up  an 
excellent  department  specializing  in  the  geography  of  the  Alps,  the  work 
of  which  is  published  in  the  Recueil  des  Travaux  de  V Institut  de  Geographie 
Alpine  (now  Revue  de  Geographie  Alpine);  Professor  Camena  d'Almeida,  at 
Bordeaux,  who  knows  Spain  thoroughly;  and,  at  the  new  University  of 
Strasbourg,  Professor  H.  Baulig,  the  department  at  which,  curiously 
behind-hand  under  the  old  regime  in  this  fomier  outpost  of  the  Empire,"*^ 
has  been  moved  from  the  old  Gemian  university  building  to  the  former 
Imperial  Palace.  At  Strasbourg  the  well-known  geographer-geologist, 
Monsieur  E.  de  Margerie,  translator  and  amplifier  of  Suess's  "The  Face 


"  Louis  Gentil:  La  chaire  de  gfiographie  physique  de  la  Facultd  des  Sciences  de  Paris,  Revue  Scientifique, 
1920,  No.  I,  32  pp. 

♦'  H.  Baulig:  Le  "Geographisches  Seminar"  de  I'Univcrsitd  de  Strasbourg.  Revue  Internatl.  de  I'Enseignemenl, 
May  is-June  is,  1920,  pp.  206-211. 


440  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 

of  the  Earth,"  has  been  appointed  director  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Alsace-Lorraine.  A  second  chair  of  geography  at  the  university  was  offered 
to  Pierre  Denis,  recently  author  of  an  important  work  on  Argentina"*- 
which  rivals  his  fomier  standard  "Le  Bresil  au  xx**"^*^  Si^cle,"  but  he 
declined,  joining,  instead,  the  staff  of  the  Political  Section  of  the  Secretariat 
of  the  League  of  Nations  in  Geneva.  At  the  LIniversity  of  Algiers  geography 
is  represented  by  the  eminent  specialists  in  the  geography  of  North  Africa, 
Professors  Augustin  Bernard  and  E.  F.  Gautier.  Professor  Gautier  is  at 
present  \'isiting  professor  at  Harvard  University.  He  addressed  the 
joint  meeting  of  the  American  Geographical  Society  and  the  Association 
of  American  Geographers  this  spring  on  "Native  Life  in  French  North 
Africa." 

Human  Geography 

In  the  field  of  human  geography  there  have  appeared  two  important 
works  by  Professor  Jean  Brunhes  of  the  College  de  France,  Paris,  well 
known  for  his  "La  geographic  humaine,"^'  one  (jointly  with  Professor 
Camille  Vallaux  of  the  Ecole  des  Hautes  Etudes  Commerciales) ,  "La  geo- 
graphic de  I'histoire,"  a  suggestive  discussion  of  the  geography  of  history, 
and  the  other,  "Geographic  humaine  de  la  France,"  a  preliminary  volume  on 
the  human  geography  of  France.*^  Professor  Demangeon,  too,  has  recently 
contributed  a  valuable  paper  in  this  domain,  on  the  types  of  rural  dwellings 
in  France.^^  From  the  French  school,  it  is  understood,  there  may  be  expected 
in  the  not  distant  future  a  manual  of  human  geography  comparable  to 
De  Martonne's  standard  manual  of  physical  geography.  A  fruitful  field 
developed  by  the  French  is  that  of  city  geography,  as  witness  the  studies  by 
Levainville  of  Rouen^^  and  by  Blanchard  of  Grenoble  and  Annecy.^^  A 
periodical  was  founded  in  1919  by  the  Institut  d'Histoire  de  Geographic  et 
d'Economie  Urbaines  de  la  Ville  de  Paris,  called  La  Vie  Urhaine,  in  which 
papers  of  geographical  interest  appear,  notably  one  by  Louis  Bonnier  with 
a  series  of  maps  showing  the  growth  of  Paris  progressively  from  1800  to 
1911,*^  and  another  on  the  northeastern  section  of  Paris,  with  an  airplane 
photographic  map  in  I  :  5,000.^^ 

«  La  Republique  Argentine:  La  mise  en  valeur  du  pays,  Paris,  1920  (reviewed  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11,  1921, 
pp.  148-149). 

**  Recently  made  available  to  English-speaking  students  by  Isaiah  Bowman  and  R.  E.  Dodge  in  "Human 
Geography,"  Chicago,  1920. 

«*For  reviews  see of  the  former:  Douglas  Johnson:  The  Geography  of  History:  A  Review,  G«ogr. 

Rev.,  Vol.  12,  1922,  pp.  278-293;  of  the  latter:  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11,  1921,  pp.  430-433,and  the  forceful  discus- 
sion by  Camille  Vallaux:  Rivieres,  pays,  et  maisons  de  France,  La  Giogr.,  Vol.  35,  1921,  pp.  113-126. 

♦5  A.  Demangeon:  L'habitation  rurale  en  France:  Essai  de  classification  des  principaux  types,  .4  nn.  de  Giogr., 
Vol.  29,  1920,  pp.  3S2-37S- 

♦«  J.  Levainville:  Rouen:  Etude  d'une  agglomeration  urbaine,  Paris,  1913- 

*■  Grenoble:  Etude  de  geographic  urbaine,  2nd  edit.,  Paris,  1913;  Annecy:  E^quisse  de  geographic  urbaine, 
Recueil  des  Trav.  de  I'Inst.  de  Geogr.  Alpine,  Vol.  4,  1916,  pp.  369-463- 

"  La  population  de  Paris  en  mouvement,  1800-1911.  No.  1-2,  1915,  pp.  7-76;  Cartes  isochrones  de  I'agglo- 
Iteration  i)arisienne.  No.  3,  pp.  245-250. 

*»  MyrJem  Foncin:  Belle\'ille,  No.  11,  Dec.  s,  1921,  pp.  391-415. 


recent  geogr.\phical  work  in  europe  441 

Other  Work  of  Interest 

Among  other  outstanding  developments  of  interest  should  be  mentioned 
the  publication  of  the  Service  Geographique  de  I'Armee  "Notices"^"  and  the 
excellent  Travaux  du  Comite  d'Etudes,^^  both  series,  like  their  previously 
mentioned  British  counterparts,  preparatory  reports  for  the  peace  conference 
on  the  problem  areas  of  the  world ;  the  centenary  of  the  Paris  Geographical 
Society,  celebrated  on  July  4-7,  1921,  under  the  auspices  of  its  president, 
Prince  Roland  Bonaparte,  and  its  secretary-general.  Monsieur  G.  Grandi- 
dier,  on  which  occasion  a  valuable  history  of  this  oldest  of  all  geographical 
societies  was  published;*^ and, in  the  field  of  exploration, CommandantTilho's 
renewed  work  in  the  Tibesti  upland  region  of  the  east-central  Sahara." 

The  war  work  of  the  Service  Geographique  de  I'Armee  is  discussed  in 
two  articles,^  one  by  General  Bourgeois,  its  former  head.  Of  foremost 
interest  are  the  "plans  directeurs,"  mainly  in  i  :  20,000,  a  series  of  maps, 
now  first  made  available  to  the  public,  which  cover  the  whole  eastern 
frontier  region  of  France.  The  sheets  relating  to  the  French  Alps,  because 
of  their  unusually  large  scale,  afford  an  exceptionally  valuable  tool  for  the 
study  of  an  alpine  region.  Of  like  value  are  the  relief  models  in  i  :  20,000, 
with  no  vertical  exaggeration,  which  have  been  made  sheetwise  out  of  this 
series  for  the  whole  war  area  from  the  North  Sea  to  Switzerland.  The 
appearance  is  striking  of  a  set  of  the  models  when  put  together  to  cover  a 
type  region  such  as  the  Vosges  or  the  eastern  cuestas  of  the  Paris  Basin. 
Another  cartographical  undertaking  of  importance  is  the  appearance  of  a 
new  edition  of  the  "Atlas  Universel  de  Geographic"  under  the  direction 
of  the  veteran  geographer.  Monsieur  F.  Schrader.  In  the  new  edition 
greater  legibility  is  attained  by  representing  relief  in  a  different  color  from 
the  line  element.  The  valuable  physical  maps  of  the  continents  have  been 
retained  from  the  previous  edition. 

Germany 

Germany  emerges  from  the  war  with  two  more  universities  than  she  had 
before:  three  are  newly  established,  Frankfort  (1914),  Cologne  (1919),  and 
Hamburg  (19 19),  and  one,  Strasbourg,  has  been  lost.  Geography  is 
represented  by  at  least  one  full  professorship  at  each  of  her  universities,  now 
twenty-three  in  number.    An  authentic  count^^  of  all  the  instructors  of 

'"  Notices  descriptives  et  statistiqucs,  Commission  de  Geographie  du  Service  Geographique  de  I'Armfie  et 
2^  Bureau  de  I'Etat-Major  de  I'Armee.  For  list  see  La  Geogr.,  Vol.  33,  1920,  pp.  355-356. 

'1  For  titles  see  La  Geogr.,  Vol.  33,  1920,  pp.  149-154;  Vol.  34,  1920,  pp.  286  (last  item),  289-298,  passim, 
308-311  (maps);  Vol.  36,  1921,  p.  104  (third  item). 

"  Centenairc  de  la  Societe  de  Geographie,  1821-1921,  72  pp.,  Paris,  1921  (republished  with  an  account  of  the 
centenary  as  an  151-pp.book,  Paris,  1921,  and  in  La  Geogr. ,Vo\.  36,  1921,  No.  2).  Cf.  also  Notice  sur  la  Soci6t6 
de  Geographie,  91  pp.,  Paris,  1914,  and  note  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  12,  1922,  p.  143. 

''^Geogr.  Journ.,  Vol.  56,  1920,  pp.  81-99,  161-183,  241-267,  with  map  in  1:2,000,000;  also  Aa  Giogr.,  Vol. 
36,  1 92 1,  pp.  295-317. 

^*  Le  Service  Geographique  de  I'Armee  et  la  cartographic  de  guerre.  La  Ciogr.,  Vol.  32,  1918-19,  PP-  463-484; 
[J.  E.  R.]  Bourgeois:  Le  Service  Geographique  de  I'.Armee  pendant  la  guerre.  Revue  Scientifique,  Nov.  27,  1920, 
pp.  673-684.  Cf.  also  note  "Nouvelles  cartes  et  plans  en  relief  de  France,"  Ann.  de  Giogr.,  Vol.  30,  1921,  pp. 
149-150. 


442  THE  GEOGKArilKAL  REVIEW 

geoprapln"  at  her  universities  and  higher  technical  schools" — full  professors, 
asscnriate  professors,  and  privatdozctitcti — reveals  the  formidable  number  of 
70.  The  subject  of  investigation  of  these  men  is  specifically  geography. 
They  are  not  geologists  or  historians  called  geographers.  They  often 
specialize,  of  course,  in  some  branch  of  our  subject,  and  some  of  the  very 
few  remaining  of  the  oldest  generation  lune  come  to  it  from  other  sciences, 
but  all,  it  ma>-  be  said,  consider  the  totality  of  geography  as  their  field  and 
feel  it  their  duty  to  be  proficient  in  it.  Granted  the  high  standard — in  spite 
of  its  weaknesses — of  scientific  work  in  Germany,  it  is  in  this  matter  of  the 
number  of  its  professional  geographers — men  with  the  distinctiNC  point  of 
view  which  is  the  essence  of  modern  geography- — and  the  consequent  large 
production  of  truly  geographical  literature,  that  Germany's  strength  lies. 

New  Works  in  General  Geography 

Chving  to  this  number  of  workers  and  owing  also,  partly,  to  a  conscious 
division  of  labor,  work  is  being  done  in  Germany,  it  may  be  said,  in  prac- 
tically e\er\-  branch  of  general  geography  and  on  all  important  regions  of 
the  world.  The  following  brief  survey  can,  among  the  wealth  of  material, 
only  touch  upon  some  of  the  more  outstanding  or  typical  investigations 
that  have  been  undertaken  recently.  In  the  field  of  paleogeography  Dr. 
Alfred  Wegener  of  the  Deutsche  Seewarte  and  the  University  of  Hamburg 
has  in  a  recent  second  edition  of  his  book'®  amplified  his  migration  hypothesis 
of  continental  origins,  an  hypothesis  that  has  been  widely  discussed  ^^ 
and  that  seems  to  find  confirmation  in  J.  P.  Koch's  work  in  Greenland  and 
W.  Koppen's  investigations  of  isostasy  and  pole  migrations.*^  In  physiog- 
raphy Professor  Passarge  of  Hamburg  has  added  the  third  volume,  on  the 
development  of  landforms,  to  the  first  (on  landscape  description)  and 
second  (on  climatic,  vegetational,  and  animal  influences  on  the  landscape) 
of  his  four-volume  "Die  Grundlagen  der  Landschaftskunde."^^  More 
concisely,  and  in  a  philosophic  spirit,  Professor  Hettner  of  Heidelberg  has 
recently  discussed  the  evolution  of  landforms  in  a  book®°  which  gathers 
together   and   amplifies   essays   that   had   appeared   in    the   Geographische 

'*  Geographische  .  .  .  Vorlesungen  in  deutscher  Sprache  an  den  Hochschulen  Mitteleuropas  im  Winter- 
halbjahr  1921-22,  Petermanns  Milt.,  Vol.  67,  1921.  PP-  260-262  (geographers  at  German  universities,  53;  at 
German  technical  schools,  17;  at  Austrian  universities  and  technical  schools,  15;  at  German  Swiss  universities 
and  technical  schools,  5). — As  to  the  cultural  unity  of  the  German-speaking  lands  see  p.  464-  On  the  general 
topic  indicated  in  its  title  see  J.  Russell  Smith:  Geography  in  Germany,  II:  The  University,  Journ.  of  Geogr., 
Vol.  I,  1902,  pp.  448-457. 

*•  A.  Wegener:  Die  Entstehung  der  Kontinente  und  Ozeane  (in  series:  Die  Wissenschaft,  Vol.  66),  Brunswick, 
1920. 

•'  Zeitschr.  Cesell.  filr  Erdkunde  z«  Berlin,  1921,  pp.  89-143  (statement  and  summing  up  by  Wegener, 
discussion  by  four  specialists). 

'«W.  Koppen:  Uber  Isostasie  und  die  Natur  der  Kontinente,  Geogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  25,  1919.  PP-  39-48; 
Polwanderungen,  Verschiebungen  der  Kontinente,  und  Klimageschichte,  Petermanns  Mitt.,  Vol.  67,  1921, 
pp.  1-8  and  57-63,  with  PI.  i;  Ursachen  und  Wirkungen  der  Kontinentenverschiebungen  und  Polwanderungen, 
ibid.,  pp.  145-149  and  191-194. 

"Die  Grundlagen  der  Landschaftskunde:  Vol.  i,  Beschreibende  Landschaftskunde,  210  pp.,  Hamburg, 
1919  (reviewed  by  W.  M.  Davis  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  8,  1919,  PP-  266-273);  Vol.  2,  Klima,  Meer,  Pflanzen-  und 
Tierwelt  in  der  Landschaft,  222  pp.,  Hamburg,  1920;  Vol.  3.  Die  Oberflachengestaltung  der  Erde,  558  pp., 
Hamburg.  1920.  Vol.  4,  Der  Mensch  in  der  Landschaft,  is  announced  for  publication  later. 

•"Die  Oberflachenformen  des  Festlandes:  Ihre  Untersuchung  und  Darstellung,  250  pp.,  Leipzig,  1921. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  443 

Zeitschrift.  Frankly  critical  of  Professor  Davis'  views,  the  works  of  these 
tw^o  authors  at  least  show  to  what  extent  those  views  roused  and  stimulated 
geographic  thought  in  Germany.  Of  the  German  version  of  Professor  Davis' 
"Physical  Geography"  a  second  edition  in  two  volumes  has  appeared  ;^^ 
likewise  the  first  German  edition  of  his  "Practical  Exercises  in  Physical 
Geography."^2  Qf  Supan's  standard  textbook  of  physical  geography  a 
sixth  edition  appeared  in  1916."  Supan's  importance  in  the  development 
of  modern  geography  in  Germany  is  dwelt  upon  in  two  appreciations  that 
appeared  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  1920.^  Attention  may  also  be  called 
to  a  book  on  the  relation  between  geological  structure  and  surface  features 
by  Professor  Karl  Sapper,  of  the  University  of  VViirzburg,  known  for  his 
work  in  Central  America.^^  Of  manuals  of  general  geography  new  editions 
have  appeared  of  part  of  the  standard  "Lehrbuch  der  Geographie"**  by 
Professor  Hermann  Wagner,  dean  of  German  geographers  and  still  active 
at  the  age  of  82,^^  and  of  the  concise  and  well-balanced  textbook^^  by  Pro- 
fessor W.  Ule  of  Rostock.  An  entirely  new  work  is  the  manual  of  general 
geography  by  Professor  A.  Philippson,  one  of  the  leading  geographers  of 
Germany,  of  which  the  first  part,  dealing  with  mathematical  geography 
and  climatology,  has  just  appeared.^^  A  valuable  feature  is  a  new  classifica- 
tion of  climatic  types  and  climatic  provinces,  in  text  and  maps.  In  the 
field  of  oceanography  there  should  be  mentioned  a  valuable  paper  on  an 
hitherto  little  known  region  from  this  point  of  view,  the  Persian  Gulf.''" 
The  author.  Dr.  Gerhard  Schott  of  the  Deutsche  Seewarte  in  Hamburg, 
quickly  followed  it  with  a  complete  geographical  discussion  of  the  area,^' 
similar  in  treatment  to  his  admirable  "Geographie  des  Atlantischen  Ozeans." 
In  climatology  Professor  L.  Mecking  of  the  University  of  Miinster  estab- 
lishes a  North  Atlantic  "see-saw"  {nordatlantische  Wdrmeschaukel)  from  a 
study  of  the  opposite  effect  on  both  sides  of  the  North  Atlantic  of  sun  spot 
frequency  (sun  spot  maximum,  lowering  of  mean  annual  temperature  on 
American  side,  raising  on  European,  and  vice  versa). ^^    With  Koppen's 

•'  W.  M.  Davis  and  Gustav  Braun:  Grundziige  der  Physiographic,  2  vols.:  Vol.  i,  Grundlagen  und  Methodik, 
Leipzig,  1917;  Vol.  2,  Morphologic,  Leipzig,  1915. 

•2  W.  M.  Davis  and  Karl  Oestreich:  Praktische  Ubungen  in  physischer  Geographie,  Leipzig,  1918. 

"  Grundziige  der  physischen  Erdkundc,  Leipzig,  1916.  , 

"Hermann  Wagner:  Alexander  Supan,  Petermanns  Milt.,  Vol.  66,  1920,  pp.  139-146;  Bruno  Dietrich: 
Alexander  Supan,  Ceogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  27,  1921,  pp.  193-198. 

•*  Geologischer  Bau  und  Landschaftsbild  (in  series:  Die  Wissenschaft,  Vol.  61),  Brunswick,  1917  (reviewed 
in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11,  1921,  pp.  315-317). 

••Lehrbuch  der  Geographic,  Vol.  i:  Allgemeine  Erdkundc,  Part  i:  Einleitung,  Matheniatisclie  Geographie, 
loth  edition,  Hanover,  1920.    Part  2  is  in  press.   The  9th  edition  of  the  whole  of  Vol.  i  appeared  in  191 2. 

•'  See  address  on  his  8oth  birthday  on  retirement  from  chair  of  geography  at  University  of  Gfittingen  and 
bibliography  (273  titles),  Petermanns  Mitt.,  Vol.  66,  1920,  pp.  115-122. 

•' Grundriss  der  allgemeinen  Erdkundc,  2nd  edition,  Leipzig,  191S. 

•»  A.  Philippson:  Grundziige  der  allgemeinen  Geographie.  Vol.  i,  Einleitung;  Mathematische  Geographic; 
Atmospharenkunde,  270  pp.,  Leipzig,  1921. 

10  Ozeanographie  und  Klimatologie  des  Persischen  Golfcs  und  des  Golfes  von  Oman,  46  pp.,  Bcilagc  zu 
Ann.  der  Hydrogr.  und  Marit.  MeleoroL,  1918. 

"Geographie  des  Persischen  Golfes  und  seiner  Randgebiete,  Mitt.  Geogr.  Gesell.  Hamburg,  Vol.  31,  1918, 
pp.  i-iio,  with  two  maps,  one  in  i  :  4,000,000. 

"  Nordamerika,  Nordcuropa,  und  der  Golfstrom  in  der  elfjiihrigcn  Klimaperiode,  Ann. der  flydrogr.  und 
Marit.  Meteorol.,  Vol.  46,  1918,  pp.  1-9,  with  temperature  and  sun-spot  frequency  curves  on  PI.  1. 


444  THE  GEOGRArilKAL  REVIEW 

new  climatic  provinces"^  readers  of  the  Rnunv  are  already  familiar;  their 
areas  ha\e  recenth*  been  measured."*  Koppen  has  also  recently  delimited 
the  \vind  regions  of  the  world,  particularly  over  the  ocean.''*  Noteworthy 
in  platit  geography  are  a  general  discussion  of  the  tundra  by  Dr.  A.  Jacobi'^* 
imd  a  map  by  Dr.  E.  Ihne,  the  well-known  phenologist,  showing  the  date 
of  the  beginning  of  spring  in  the  British  Isles"  based  on  the  regular  pheno- 
logical  observations  in  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Royal  Meteorological 
Society.  It  is  an  extension  of  his  earlier  map  of  Central  Europe.^^  In  the 
field  of  human  geography  the  most  important  recent  publication  is  Supan's 
manual  of  political  geography, ^^  which  discusses  the  principles  of  this 
important  branch.  A  related  work  is  the  book^''  by  Professor  Karl  Dove  of 
the  University  of  Freiburg,  which  deals  more  with  the  world-regional  aspect 
of  the  subject,  however.  An  example  of  the  studies  in  the  history  of  settle- 
ment in  which  Professor  O.  Schliiter  of  Halle  specializes  is  his  paper  on 
natural  conditions  in  East  Prussia  before  the  incursion  of  the  Teutonic 
Order.  ^^  He  also  discusses  the  method  of  population  density  maps^^  as  an 
introduction  to  a  map  of  the  Rhineland  by  one  of  his  pupils.  The  fourth 
in  a  series  of  population  density  maps  covering  India,^'  important  because 
relating  to  the  one  of  the  two  Asiatic  foci  for  which  census  statistics  exist, 
has  been  published.  They  are  products  of  the  geographical  seminar  in 
Gottingen.  A  discussion  of  man's  distribution  over  the  earth^  by  Professor 
Norbert  Krebs  of  the  University  of  Freiburg,  known  for  his  excellent 
regional  geography  of  the  Austrian  Alps,  constitutes  a  complete  but  concise 
manual  of  human  geography.  Professor  Dove  has  also  written  concise 
but  original  manuals  of  economic  and  commercial  geography. ^^  In  the  field 
of  agricultural  geography  three  atlases^^  have  appeared,  two  by  Dr.  T.  H. 


^  Klassifikation  der  Klimate  nach  Temperatur,  Niederschlag,  und  Jahresverlauf,  Pelermanns  Mitt.,  Vol. 
64,  1918,  pp.  193-203  and  243-248,  with  map,  globular  scale,  i  :  60,000,000  (see  R.  DeC.  Ward:  A  New  Classi- 
fication of  Climates,  Ceogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  8,  1919.  PP-  188-191.  with  map). 

"  H.  Wagner:  Die  Flachenausdehnung  der  Koppenschen  Klimagebiete  der  Erde  (1918),  Pelermanns  Mitt. , 
Vol.  67,  1921,  pp.  216-217. 

"Die  Windgebiete  der  Weltmeere.  Ann.  der  Hydrogr.  und  Marit.  Meteorol.,  Vol.  49,  1921,  pp.  3S7-3S9. 
with  map  in  Mercator's  projection,  equatorial  scale,  i  :  100,000,000. 

'•  Die  Tundra,  Geogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  25,  1919.  pp.  245-262. 

"  Phanologische  Karte  des  Friihlingseinzugs  auf  den  Britischen  Inseln,  Petermanns  Mitt.,  Vol.  62,  1916 , 
pp.  81-85,  with  map  in  i  :  5,000,000. 

"  PI.  9,  Pelermanns  Mill.,  Vol.  51.  1905.  scale  I  :  3.400,000. 

'•  Leitfaden  der  allgemeinen  politischen  Geographie,  140  pp.,  Leipzig,  1918. 

soAUgemeine    politische    Geographie,    95    PP-    (in  series:  Sammlung  Goschen,  No.  800),  Leipzig,   1920. 

•»Wald,  Sumpf,  und  Siedelungsland  in  Altpreussen  vor  der  Ordenszeit.  Geogr.  Ameiger,  Vol.  21,  1920, 
pp.  245-249.  with  map  in  i  :  500,000. 

« Gnindsatzliche  Bemerkungen  Uber  Volksdichtekarten,  Pelermanns  Mill.,  Vol.  66,  1920,  pp.  128-129 
(map  of  Rhineland  on  PI.  24,  text  pp.  159-161). 

»*  Petermanns  Mitt.,  as  follows:  Northwest  Provinces,  i  :  3,000,000.  1909,  PI.  18;  Upper  Gangetic  Plain, 
I  :  2.500,000,  1911,  PI.  33;  Bombay  Province,  i  :  2,500,000,  1916,  PI.  33;  Southern  India,  i  :  2,500,000,  1917. 
PI.  32. 

"  Die  Verbreitung  des  Menschen  auf  der  Erdoberflache  (in  series:  Natur  und  Geisteswelt,  No.  632),  Leipzig, 
1921. 

"AUgemeine  Wirtschaftsgeographie;  AUgemeine  Verkehrsgeographie  (in  series:  Sammlung  Goschen,  Nos. 
83s  and  834).  Leipzig,  1921. 

>»F.  Lange:  Landwirtschaftlich-Statistischer  Atlas,  105  maps,  Berlin,  1917;  T.  H.  Engelbrecht:  Die  Feld- 
friichte  Indiens  in  ihrer  geographischen  Verbreitung,  text  and  atlas,  Abhandl.  Hamburg.  Kolonialinst.,  Vol.  19. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  445 

Engelbrecht,  known  for  his  study  of  the  geographical  distribution  of  the 
price  of  cereals  in  North  America  and  India. 


Papers  Relating  to  the  Development  of  Geography  in  Germany 

Several  publications  relating  to  the  development  and  status  of  geography 
in  Germany  are  of  interest.  In  a  series  of  lectures  in  Berlin  on  the  position 
of  certain  subjects  in  education  geography  was  included.  The  lectures  on 
geography,  ten  in  number,  by  different  specialists,  have  been  published." 
They  include  such  topics  as  the  unity  of  geography,  by  Hettner;  geomor- 
pholog>%  by  Philippson;  plant  and  animal  geography,  by  Professor  R. 
Gradmann  of  the  University  of  Erlangen,  and  the  importance  of  maps,  by 
Professor  Norbert  Krebs.  Three  papers  deal  with  Richthofen,  Theobald 
Fischer,  and  Kirchhoff  as  university  teachers,*^  two  with  the  courses  given 
at  Gottingen  and  Bonn,^^  while  three  memorial  volumes^"  give  an  insight 
into  the  work  of  the  pupils  of  Professors  Penck,  Hettner,  and  Eduard  Hahn. 
The  editor's  retrospect  over  twenty-five  years  of  the  Geographische  Zeit- 
schrift,^^  which  has  had  a  marked  influence  on  the  development  of  geographic 
thought  in  Germany,  may  also  be  mentioned  here.  The  standard  German 
bibliography,  the  Geographisches  Jahrbuch,  has  resumed  publication,  a 
volume  having  appeared  which  covers  the  war  period. ^^ 


War  Publications 

Only  to  certain  outstanding  war  publications  can  reference  here  be  made. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  war  a  series  of  articles  by  leading  geographers  was 
published  in  the  Geographische  Zeitschrift;  these  were  afterwards  issued 
separately,  somewhat  revised.^'  Professor  Philippson  discussed  the  Franco- 
Belgian  area,  Professor  Partsch  of  Leipzig  the  eastern  front.  Professor  Krebs 
the  Balkan  front,  Professor  F.  Freeh  of  Breslau  the  Armenian  and  Meso- 
potamian  area,  Professor  Mecking  the  Channel,  the  North  Sea,  and  the 

1914;  idem:  Landwirtschaftlicher  Atlas  des  Russischcn  Reiches  in  Europa  und  Asien,  30  maps,  Berlin,  1916. 

8'  Die  Geographic  als  Wissenschaft  und  Lehrfach:  Zehn  geographische  Abende  im  Zentralinstitut  fUr 
Erziehung  und  Unterricht,  Berlin,  1919. 

"A.  Philippson:  Ferdinand  von  Richtofen  als  akademischer  Lehrer,  Ceogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  26,  1920,  pp. 
257-272;  Alfred  Rilhl:  Theobald  Fischer  als  akademischer  Lehrer,  ibid..  Vol.  27,  1921,  pp.  29-33;  Hans  Steffen: 
Erinnerungen  an  Alfred  Kirchhoff  als  Methodiker  der  Geographie  und  als  Universitatslehrer,  ibid..  Vol.  25, 
1919,  pp.  289-302. 

'»  Hermann  Wagner:  Der  geographische  Universitatsunterricht  in  GSttingen,  ibid..  Vol.  25.  1919.  pp.  1-20 
and  97-106;  A.  Philippson:  Die  Geographie  an  der  Universitat  Bonn,  Die  Nalunvissenschaften,  Vol.  7,  1919, 
pp.  561-571. 

»o  Festband  Albrecht  Penck,  Stuttgart,  1918  (reviewed  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  10,  1920,  pp.  249-261);  ZwSlf 
ISnderkundliche  Studien  von  SchUlern  Alfred  Hettners  ihrem  Lehrer  zum  60.  Geburtstag,  Breslau,  192 1; 
Festschrift  Eduard  Hahn  zum  60.  Geburtstag,  Stuttgart,  1917. 

•'Alfred  Hettner:  FUnfundzwanzig  Jahre  "Geographische  Zeitschrift,"  Ceogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  26,  1920,  pp. 
1-8. 

"  Vol.  38  for  1915-18,  Gotha,  1918-20. 

*'  .\.  Hettner,  edit.:  Die  Kriegsschauplatze.  Leipzig,  1915-18. 


446  THK  GEOGRArmCAL  REVIEW 

Baltic.  During  the  Gemum  occupation  of  Poland  a  Geographical  Commis- 
sion was  appointed  under  tJie  direction  of  Professor  M.  Friederichsen 
of  the  University  of  Konigsberg,  later  of  Dr.  E.  Wunderlich,  at  present 
at  the  School  of  Technology  in  Stuttgart  on  leave  of  absence  from  the 
University  of  Berlin.  After  preliminary  publications,  which  included  a 
discussion  of  each  aspect  of  Russian  Poland's  geography,  culminating  in 
its  division  into  natural  regions, ^^  a  handbook  was  issued  which  constitutes 
a  scientific  regional  geography  of  the  area.'*  This  was  followed  by  a  series 
of  separate  monographs,  a  number  of  which,  on  the  vegetation  of  Russian 
Poland,  on  the  cities  of  Poland  and  Lithuania,  on  the  geographical  source 
material  on  Poland,  etc.,  were  published'^  and  others  projected.  Of  none 
of  the  other  areas  occupied  by  the  Germans  was  so  systematic  an  investiga- 
tion undertaken,  partly  because  of  the  march  of  events,  although  Geograph- 
ical Commissions  were  appointed  in  Rumania  and  Macedonia.  Nevertheless 
good  geographical  work  was  carried  out,  as  by  Dr.  W.  Behrmann  of  Berlin 
in  Rumania''^  and  Dr.  Walther  Penck,  who  for  a  time  was  professor  of 
geography  at  the  University  of  Constantinople,  in  the  Bosporus  region 
and  Asia  Minor.^*  Professor  Friederichsen  had  preceded  his  Polish  work 
by  an  excellent  little  book  on  the  marginal  regions  of  Russia. '^  The  cam- 
paigns in  German  Southwest  Africa^^"  and  German  East  Africa^"^  have 
been  discussed  from  the  geographical  standpoint.  Several  articles  deal 
with  war  mapping  and  its  geographical  bearing.^'^^  ^^^  important  work 
which  had  been  prepared  by  the  German  War  Ofifice  before  the  war,  but 
which  was  only  released  to  the  public  after  the  conflict,  is  a  contoured 
topographic  map  on  the  scale  of  i  :  100,000  in  326  sheets  of  Russian  Poland 
and  the  Baltic  Provinces.^"^  It  was  based  on  a  Russian  map  not  made  public 
in  I  :  42,000  and  i  :  84,000,  reductions  of  the  original  plane  table  sheets  in 

•*  E.  Wunderlich,  K.  Siche,  F.  Pax,  Ferdinand  Pax,  Arved  Schultz,  H.  Praesent:  Die  natiirliche  Gliederung 
Polens,  Zeitschr.  Gesell.  fur  Erdkunde  zu  Berlin,  1917,  PP.  269-310  and  446-456. 

**  E.  Wunderlich,  edit.:  Handbuch  von  Polen  (Kongress-Polen) :  Beitrage  zu  einer  allgemeinen  Landeskunde, 
and  edit.,  Berlin,  1918  (reviewed  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  9,  1920,  pp.  215-216). 

*  Veroffentlichungen  der  Landeskundlichen  Kommission  beim  Kaiserlich  Deutschen  Generalgouvernement 
Warschau:  Beitrage  zur  Polnischen  Landeskunde:  Reihe  A  (Fachwissenschaftliche  Monographieen  als  Erganz- 
ungen  zum  Handbuch),  No.  i;  Reihe  B  (Fiir  weitere  Kreise  bestimmte  Einzelschriften),  Nos.  1-6,  Berlin, 
1917-18. 

"  Die  Landschaften  Rumaniens,  Zeitschr.  Gesell.  fiir  Erdkunde  zu  Berlin,  1919.  PP-  29-4Si  with  physiographic 
map. 

*«  E.  g.  Grundziige  der  Geologic  des  Bosporus,  Veroffentl.  Inst,  fiir  Meereskunde  Univ.  Berlin;  N.  F., Geogr.- 
nalurwiss.  Reihe  No.  4,  Berlin,  1919;  Bau  und  Oberflachenformen  der  Dardanellenlandschaft,  Zeitschr.  Gesell. 
fur  Erdkunde  :u  Berlin,  1917,  pp.  30-49;  Zur  Landeskunde  von  Thrazien,  ibid.,  igig,  pp.  358-370. 

»•  Die  Grenzmarken  des  Europaischen  Russlands:  Ihre  geographische  Eigenart  und  ihre  Bedeutung  fur 
den  Weltkrieg,  Hamburg,  1915  (reviewed  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  i,  1916,  pp.  473-474). 

100  Fritz  Jaeger:  Deutsch  Sudwest-Afrika  als  Kriegsschauplatz,  Geogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  26,  1920,  pp.  201-206. 

"»  E.  Krenkel:  Der  ostafrikanische  Kriegsschauplatz,  ibid.,  pp.  105-117,  with  map;  Gov.  Schnee:  Deutsch- 
Ostafrika  wahrend  des  Weltkrieges,  Zeitschr.  Gesell.  fiir  Erdkunde  zu  Berlin,  1919,  pp.  1-17. 

"«Max  Eckert:  Die  Kartographie  im  Kriege,  Geogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  26,  1920,  pp.  273-286,  316-324,  Vol.  27. 
1921,  pp.  18-28;  idem:  Luftbildaufnahme  und  Kartenherstellung,  ibid..  Vol.  27,  1921,  pp.  241-260;  E.  Pels: 
Das  Kriegsvermessungswesen  in  Dienste  der  Geographic,  Pelermanns  Mitt.,  Vol.  6s,  1919.  PP-  81-89;  E.  Ewald: 
Die  Flugzeugphotographie  im  Dienste  der  Geographic,  ibid..  Vol.  66,  1920,  pp.  1-6. 

"'  Karte  des  westlichen  Russlands,  i  :  100,000,  326  sheets.  Bearbeitet  von  der  Kartographischen  Abteilung 
der  Landesaufnahme.  Index  map  in  i  :  2,750,000,  in  catalogue  entitled  "Karten  und  wissenschaftliche  Veroffent- 
lichungen der  Landesaufnahme,"  Berlin,  1920.  Sections  from  this  map  will  be  found  in  "Handbuch  von  Polen," 
2nd  edit..  Pis.  i,  2,  4,  s,  7. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  447 

I  :  21,000/"^  and  formed  a  direct  continuation,  on  the  same  scale,  of  the 
topographic  map  of  Germany.  It  is  understood  that  both  armies,  the 
Russian  and  the  Gennan,  fought  by  it,  the  former  by  the  original,  the  latter 
by  the  recompilation. 


Work  in  Regional  Geography 

In  the  field  of  regional  geography  several  systematic  works  may  be 
mentioned.  With  different  emphasis  Professors  W.  Ule  and  Gustav  Braun 
have  treated  the  geography  of  Germany.^ "^  In  a  shorter  work  on  a  related 
topic^"^  Professor  Braun  has  outlined  the  methods  followed  in  the  larger 
book.  In  the  model  series  of  regional  geographies  edited  by  Professor 
Penck,  which  began  with  Professor  Krebs's  excellent  book  on  the  Austrian 
Alps,^°^  a  second  volume  has  appeared,  by  Professor  Machatschek  of  Prague, 
on  Russian  Turkestan  (see  footnote  382).  Volumes  are  contemplated,  it 
is  understood,  on  the  East  Indies  by  Professor  W.  Volz  of  Breslau,  on  the 
Aegean  region  by  Professor  Philippson,  and  on  the  Low  Countries  by 
Professor  Oestreich  of  Utrecht.  Professor  Hettner,  always  a  strong  advocate 
of  regional  geography  as  the  main  aim  of  geographical  investigation — a 
conviction  shared  by  the  majority  of  leading  geographers  of  Germany — ■ 
will  soon  publish  the  section  on  Asia  in  his  standard  "Grundzuge  der  Lander- 
kunde."  At  the  same  time  abridged  editions  of  this  and  the  previously 
published  section  on  Europe  will  appear.  His  geography  of  Russia,  originally 
published  in  1905,  has  appeared  much  enlarged  in  a  third  edition. ^"^  Early 
in  the  war  Professor  Philippson  published  a  brief  geography  of  Turkey^"' 
which  has  been  characterized  as  exemplary.  He  has  recently  published  a 
series  of  maps  in  i  :  900,000,  with  notes,  summarizing  the  results  of  his 
comprehensive  studies  in  western  Asia  Minor.  They  show  relief,  physiog- 
raphy, vegetation,  and  ethnography."^^"  In  this  connection  mention  should 
be  made  of  a  map  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  with  substantiating  text,  showing  the 
status  of  topographical  knowledge  of  that  area  in  1914."^  It  shows  in  greater 
detail,  both  as  to  quality  of  survey  and  scale,  what  was  represented  on  an 

K"  Handbuch  von  Polen,  2nd  edit.,  pp.  24-23. 

105  w.  Ule:  Das  Deutsche  Reich:  Eine  geographische  Landeskunde.  Leipzig,  191S;  G.  Braun:  Deutschland, 
dargestellt  auf  Grand  eigener  Beobachtung,  der  Karten,  und  der  Literatur,  i  vol.  text,  I  vol.  maps  and  diagrs, 
Berlin,  1916  (reviewed  in  Ceogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  10,  1920,  pp.  52-53). 

'»«  Mitteleuropa  und  seine  Grenzmarken:  Ein  Hilfsbuch  fUr  geographische  Studien  und  Exkursionen  (in 
series:  Wissenschaft  und  Bildung,  No.  141),  Leipzig,  1917. 

'»'  Landerkunde  der  osterreichischen  Alpen,  Stuttgart,  1913  (reviewed  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  2,  1916,  pp. 
317-319). 

'»'  Russland:  Eine  geographische  Betrachtung  von  Volk,  Staat,  und  Kultur:  Dritte  erweiterte  Auflage 
des  Werkes  "Das  europaische  Russland,"  Leipzig,  1916. 

'"»  Das  tUrkische  Reich:  Eine  geographische  Ubersicht  (in  series:  Deutsche  Orient  BUcherei,  No.  i2),Weimar, 
191S. 

"»  In  Petermanns  Mill.,  as  follows:  relief  in  altitude  tints.  Vol.  67,  1921,  PI.  9  (text  p.  123);  physiography. 
Vol.  66,  1920,  PI.  31  (text,  pp.  197-202);  vegetation.  Vol.  65,  1919.  PI-  18  (text,  pp.  168-173.  204-207);  ethnog- 
raphy, ibid.,  PI.  3  (text  pp.  17-19). 

'"  H.  Fischer:  Geschichte  der  Kartographie  von  Vorderasicn,  Petermanns  Mill.,  Vol.  66,  1920,  pp.  82-89. 
164-166,  203-20S,  219-225,  with  map  in  i  :  3,700,000. 


44S  THE  GEOC.RArillCAl,  REVIEW 

earlier  map  by  Dr.  Hogarth."-  A  considerable  portion  of  the  area  correctly 
marked  on  the  present  map  as  unexplored  or  based  on  reconnaissance  maps 
only,  especially  in  Aniionia  and  Kurdistan,  has  since  been  covered  by  the 
valuable  contoured  topographic  map  in  i  :  200,000,  based  on  original 
surveys,  which  was  published  by  the  Turkish  General  Staff  during  the  war. 
Germany's  interest  in  the  geography  of  her  Near  Eastern  ally  is  further 
betokened  by  a  book  by  E.  Banse,''*  with  which  readers  of  the  Review  are 
familiar  from  its  di\'ision  of  the  area  into  natural  regions,  and  by  one  by 
Professor  Kurt  Hassert  of  the  Polytechnic  Institute  of  Dresden,  w^hich 
emphasizes  the  economic  geography.'**  Among  a  younger  group  of  geog- 
raphers who  have  specialized  in  certain  regions  from  personal  observation 
may  be  mentioned  Professor  F.  Thorbecke  of  the  University  of  Cologne, 
the  publication  of  the  results  of  whose  travels  in  Cameroons  have  recently 
been  completed;'^*  Dr.  Leo  Waibel,  also  of  Cologne,  w^ho  has  caught  the 
spirit  of  the  South  African  veld;"^  Dr.  Arved  Schultz,  who  knows  the 
Pamir  and  Turkestan;"^  and  Dr.  Richard  Pohle,  who  deals  W'ith  Eastern 
Europe  and  Siberia."^  The  late  Professor  Emil  Deckert  of  the  University 
of  Frankfort  contributed  two  studies  during  the  war  in  his  special  field, 
the  economic  geography  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  world. "^  Professor  Hassert 
has  also  recently  written  an  economic  geography  of  the  United  States, *-° 
in  the  preparation  of  which  he  had  the  assistance  of  Dr.  Martha  Krug 
Genthe,  the  German  geographer  who  lived  for  a  time  in  the  United  States. 
Of  the  geography  of  South  America  by  Professor  W.  Sievers  of  the  Uni- 
versity"^ of  Giessen,  the  leading  German  authority  on  that  subject,  who  died 
in  June  1921,^-*  a  third  edition  appeared  in  1914.^22  j^  j^g-^  (tenth)  edition 
of  Stieler's  atlas  is  in  preparation^^'  W'hich  involves  a  thorough  revision; 

I"  D.  G.  Hogarth:  Problems  in  Exploration:  I,  Western  Asia,  Ceogr.  Journ.,  Vol.  32,  1908,  pp.  5*9-570, 
with  map  in  i  :  10,000,000. 

'"Die  Tiirkei:  Eine  modeme  Geographie,  with  map  in  i  :  5,000,000,  Brunswick,  1919  (see  E.  C.  Semple: 
The  Regional  Geography  of  Turkey:  A  Review  of  Banse's  Work,  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11,  1921,  pp.  338-350,  with 
map,  I  :  7,000,000). 

"*  I>as  Tiirkische  Reich,  politisch,  geographisch,  und  wirtschaftlich,  Tubingen,  1918. 

"*  Im  Hochland  von  Mittel-Kamerun,  in  3  parts,  Abhandl.  Hamburg.  Kolonialinst.,  Vols.  21,  36,  41,  Ham- 
burg, 1914,  1916,  1919.  See  also  his  Das  tropische  West-  und  Mittel-Afrika,  Ceogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  21,  1915, 
PP-  372-394  and  443-453- 

in  Der  Mensch  im  siidafrikanischen  Veld,  Ceogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  26,  1920,  pp.  26-50  and  79-89;  see  also  his 
book  Urwald,  Veld,  Wuste,  206  pp.,  Breslau,  1921. 

"'E.g.  Landeskundliche  Forschungen  in  Pamir,  Abhandl.  Hamburg.  Kolonialinst.,  Vol.  33,  1916;  Die 
natiirlichen  Landschaften  von  Russisch  Turkestan,  Abhandl.  aus  dem  Cebiet  der  Auslandskunde,  Hamburg. 
Univ.  (continuation  of  preceding  series) ,  Vol.  2,  1920  (reviewed  in  Ceogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  12,  1922,  pp.   151-152). 

"8R.  Pohle  and  H.  Heyde:  Volkerkarte  von  Osteuropa,  r  :  6,000,000,  Berlin,  [1919];  R-  Pohle:  Beitrage 
zur  Kenntnis  der  westsibirischen  Tiefebene,  Zeitschr.  Cesell.  iiir  Erdkunde  zu  Berlin,  1918,  p.  i  ff.,  1919,  pp. 
395-442;  idem:  Sibirien  als  Wirtschaftsraum,  66  pp.,  Bonn,  1921  (reviewed  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  12,  1922,  pp. 
149-IS1). 

"•  Die  Lander  Kordamerikas  in  ihrer  wirtschaftsgeographischen  Ausriistung,  Vienna,  1916;  Das  britische 
Weltreich:  Ein  politisch-  und  wirtschaftsgeographisches  Charakterbild,  Vienna,  1916. 

"0  Die  Vereinigten  Staaten  von  Amerika  als  politische  und  wirtschaftliche  Weltmacht  geographisch  be- 
trachtet,  315  pp.,  Tubingen,  1922. 

■^i  See  biographical  notice  in  Pelermanns  Milt.,  Vol.  67.  1921,  p.  163. 

"'Siid-  und  Mittelamerika  (in  series:  AUgemeine  Landerkunde  edit,  by  W.  Sievers),  3rd  edit.,  Leipzig, 
1914  (reviewed  in  Ceogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  6,  1918,  p.  439). 

"»  H.  Haack:  Die  Hundertjahr-Ausgabe  von  Stielers  Handatlas,  Pelermanns  Mitt.,  Vol.  67,  192 1,  pp.  10-22 , 
with  sample  map  on  PI.  3. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  449 

for  instance,  the  sheets  for  the  United  States  are  being  redrawn  from 
reductions  of  the  topographic  sheets  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  where 
available.  A  new  (seventh)  edition  has  also  appeared  of  Andree's  Handatlas; 
likewise  Danish-Norwegian  and  Swedish  editions. 

Post- War  Arrangements 

After  a  lapse  of  seven  instead  of  the  customary  two  years  the  twentieth 
Meeting  of  German  Geographers  was  held  in  Leipzig  in  May,  192 1.^^^  The 
majority  of  the  topics  discussed  in  the  papers  presented  have  already,  in 
mentioning  the  work  of  various  geographers,  been  indirectly  touched  upon. 
Reference  to  several  arrangements  resulting  from  post-war  conditions 
may,  however,  be  of  interest.  For  greater  economy  of  effort  and  better 
co-operation  a  union  of  all  the  German  and  Austrian  geographical  societies 
has  been  created.  Similarly,  resolutions  were  passed  to  establish  a  central 
clearing  house  for  foreign  periodicals,  from  which  each  institution  not  receiv- 
ing certain  series  and  unable  to  subscribe  for  them  may  borrow  the  desired 
publications.  As  to  German  production,  at  least  doctor's  dissertations  are 
curtailed  for  the  present,  as  the  universities  have,  because  of  the  high  cost, 
waived  the  requirement  that  they  be  printed.  Another  resolution  passed 
calls  on  German  map  publishers  to  show  the  territories  lost  by  Germany, 
including  her  former  colonies,  on  all  maps  of  the  relevant  areas,  including 
school  maps.  In  connection  with  the  meeting  there  was  an  exhibition  at 
the  Deutsche  Biicherei,  a  new  library  building  which  was  built  in  1913-16 
to  accommodate  all  publications  in  German  from  1913  on.  Two  special 
publications  deal  with  the  map  collection  of  the  library  and  with  the  map 
exhibits  prepared  for  the  meeting.^^^ 

Italy 

Of  two  of  the  four  countries  of  Europe  which  lead  in  geography  we  now 
have  excellent  modern  accounts  of  the  development  of  the  subject:  one, 
concise,  on  France,  by  Professor  de  Martonne,  to  which  reference  has  already 
been  made;^^^  the  other,  somewhat  fuller,  on  Italy,  by  Professor  Roberto 
Almagik  of  the  University  of  Rome.^^^  Each  contains  an  invaluable  list  of 
the  most  important  contributions  to  geography  produced  in  that  country; 
the  works  thus  grouped  together  for  each  country  practically  constitute  the 
body  of  its  modern  geographic  thought.  Professor  Almagitl's  book  makes 
it  unnecessary  here  even  to  outline  Italy's  development,  so  illuminating 

'2<  For  an  account  see  P.  Langhans  and  H.  Degner:  Die  20.  Tagung  des  Deutschen  Geographentages  zu 
Leipzig  in  der  Pfingstwoche,  1921,  Pelermanns  Milt.,  Vol.  67,  1921,  pp.  1 17-122  and  150-152. 

»25*^an3  Praesent,  edit:  Bcitrage  zur  deutschen  Kartographie, im  Auftrage  der  Deutschen  Bachcrci  heraus- 
gegeben,  160  pp.,  Leipzig,  192 1;  Geographische  Ausstellung  des  Deutschen  Buchgcwcrbevcreins,mit  Bcitrjigcn 
zur  Entwicklung  des  Hand-  und  Schulatlas,  des  Reisehandbuches,  und  des  geographischen  Schulbuches,  57  pp.. 
Leipzig,  192 1. 

'»  Under  "France,"  footnote  35. 

'"  La  geografia  (series:  Profili  Bibliografici  de  I'ltalia  Che  Scrive),  109  pp..  Istituto  per  la  Propaganda  della 
Cuitura  Italiana,  Rome,  1919. 


450  THE  GEOGR.\PHICAL  REVIEW 

and  so  encouraging  for  other  countries  fliat  are  striving  to  reach  a  higher 
status  in  our  subject.  Suftice  it  here  to  say  that,  as  in  France,  this  develop- 
ment centers  mainly  about  one  man,  Giuseppe  Dalla  Vedova.'*^  Like  his 
French  contemporan**,  \'idal  de  la  Blache,  he  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing 
his  work  carried  on  in  the  hands  of  his  pupils — and  these  include  the 
majority  of  the  men  who  are  advancing  the  subject  in  Italy  today.  He  died 
in  1919  at  the  age  of  85.*-'  Another  who  helped  usher  in  the  new  movement 
was  Giovanni  Marinelli  (1840-1900),""  known  for  his  comprehensive 
compendium  of  general  and  regional  geography  ("La  Terra,"  8  vols.,  Milan, 
iS83-i90i\  The  second  volume  of  his  collected  papers,  "'  on  the  geography 
of  Italy  and  pedagogical  questions,  has  recently  appeared. 

Geography  is  represented  at  twelve  of  Italy's  universities.  This  prac- 
tically constitutes  the  maximum  number  possible,  as,  in  its  modern  aspect 
as  a  unit  subject,  it  comes  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Faculty  of  Letters 
and,  of  the  twenty-one  Italian  universities  (including  the  four  "free"  uni- 
versities), nine  have  no  Faculty  of  Letters.  One  of  the  twelve  (Parma) 
has  no  geography  in  the  Faculty  of  Letters;  the  subject  is  there  only  repre- 
sented as  physical  geography  in  the  Faculty  of  Science.  Except  for  this 
vacancy,  geography  enjoys  maximum  representation  at  the  universities. 
In  addition  it  is  taught  at  several  other  higher  institutions.  This  condition 
is  indicative  of  the  high  state  of  development  of  geography  in  Italy. 

Geography  in  Rome 

At  the  Lniversity  of  Rome  Professor  Almagia  occupies  the  chair  of 
geography."-  He  is  a  pupil  of  Dalla  Vedova  and  has  been  productive  in 
many  branches  of  geography,  but  more  particularly  on  the  historical  and 
human  sides.  He  has  written  on  the  theory  of  tides  in  antiquity  and  the 
Middle  Ages  and  dealt  with  the  history  of  Italian  cartography."^   Among 

l?»  A  selection  from  his  works,  with  a  complete  list  of  his  writings  to  1912  is  given  in:  Giuseppe  Dalla  Vedova: 
Scritti  geografici  (1863-1913)  scelti,  coordinati,  e  ripubblicati  a  cura  d'un  comitato  di  geografici,  Novara  and 
Rome,  1914.  His  last  work  should  also  be  consulted:  La  geografia  nella  vita  e  nella  scuola  moderna,  Nuova 
AnMogia,  August,  1918.  Some  of  the  work  of  his  pupils  is  illustrated  in  the  memorial  volume  on  the  fiftieth 
anniversarj-  of  his  career  as  a  teacher:  Scritti  di  geografia  e  di  storia  della  geografia  concernenti  I'ltalia  pubblicati 
in  onore  di  Giuseppe  Dalla  Vedova,  Florence,  1908. 

"•  For  biographies  see  Filippo  Porena:  Giuseppe  Dalla  Vedova,  Geographen  Kalender,  Vol.  s,  1907,  Gotha, 
pp.  2-27;  idem:  L'Opera  di  Giuseppe  Dalla  Vedova,  in  the  memorial  volume  mentioned  in  the  preceding  foot- 
note, pp.  ix-xxxi;  L.  F.  De  Magistris:  Giuseppe  Dalla  Vedova,  16  pp.,  Calendario-Atlanle  De  Agostini  for 
1914,  Novara,  1914;  Roberto  Almagia:  Giuseppe  Dalla  Vedova,  Boll.  Reale  Soc.  Geogr.  Ital.,  Vol.  57,  1920. 
pp.  31-SO. 

"*  Cf.  the  biography  by  Attilio  Mori,  Riv.  Geogr.  Didatt.,  Vol.  i,  1917,  No.  i,  in  the  series  published  by  that 
journal  on  the  leading  geographers  of  the  last  fifty  years. 

"*' Scritti  minori  di  Giovanni  Marinelli:  Vol.  i,  Metodo  e  storia  della  geografia,  Florence,  1908;  Vol.  2, 
Geografia  italiana  e  questione  didattiche,  Florence,  192 1. 

"*  On  the  geography  department  at  Rome  cf.  Roberto  Almagia:  II  gabinetto  di  geografia  della  R.  Universita 
di  Roma,  13  pp.,  Citta  di  Castello,  1921.  On  his  appwintment  to  the  chair  in  Rome  see  La  Geografia  (Novara), 
Vol.  4,  1916,  pp.  146-147.  The  reports  of  the  nominating  committees  there  reproduced  (pp.  140-147)  from  the 
official  bulletin  of  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction  give  an  insight  into  the  work  of  several  of  the  leading 
geographers  at  the  universities. 

"•La  dottrina  della  marea  nell'antichita  classica  e  nel  Medio  Evo,  139  pp.,  Mem.  Reale  Accad.  Lineei: 
Classe  Set.  Fis.,  Rome,  1905;  La  cartografia  deU'  Italia  nel  Cinquecento,  Riv.  Geogr.  Hal.,  Vol.  21,  1914,  pp. 
640-653;  Vol.  22,  191S,  pp.  1-26. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  451 

his  recent  publications  are  a  succinct  life  of  Columbus  treated  in  a  geo- 
graphical manner,^**  and  a  paper  on  the  content  of  human  geography.^^^ 
Lectures  on  meteorology  are  given  at  the  university  by  Dr.  Filippo  Eredia 
of  the  Italian  Meteorological  Office,  who  has  recently  written  on  the  climate 
of  Tripoli  and  the  rainfall  of  Palestine,^^  The  representative  of  geography 
at  the  Normal  School  in  Rome,  Professor  Assunto  Mori,  has  made  a  dis- 
tinctive contribution  in  publishing  a  systematic  atlas  in  which  the  various 
elements  of  geography,  such  as  relief,  climate,  human  distribution,  economic 
conditions  are  represented  both  as  general  phenomena  and  in  their  applica- 
tion to  different  regions.  The  volume  so  far  published^^^  covers  general 
geography  and  western  and  southern  Europe. 

Florence  as  a  Geographical  Center 

Florence  is  one  of  the  most  important  geographical  centers  in  Italy.  At 
the  Institute  of  Higher  Studies  geography  is  represented  by  Professor  Olinto 
Marinelli,  son  of  Giovanni  Marinelli,  and  known  for  his  numerous  and 
fruitful  investigations.  As  joint  editor,  with  Professor  Attilio  Mori  of  the 
University  of  Messina,  of  the  Revista  Geografica  Italiana,  he  has  exercised 
great  influence  on  the  development  of  modern  geography  in  Italy.  Of  his 
numerous  recent  publications  there  can  only  be  mentioned  two  physio- 
graphic studies, ^^^  several  papers  dealing  with  the  conception  of  the  natural 
region,"^  a  paper  on  the  peoples  of  the  contact  zone  of  northern  Italy  from 
Nice  to  the  Quarnero,""  an  economic  classification  of  cities,^^^  and  a  history 
of  the  development  of  isometric  lines,  such  as  isotherms,  etc."^  Associated 
with  Professor  Marinelli  are  Professors  Sebastian  Crino  and  Luigi  Gianni- 
trapani.  Professor  Crin6,  author  of  an  anthropogeographic  study  of  Etna,^*' 
is  the  editor  of  a  new  journal  devoted  to  the  teaching  of  geography,  Rivista 
di  Geografia  Didattica,  which  has  appeared  since  191 7.  A  paper  of  his  on 
the  distribution  of  population  over  the  earth^^^  may  be  noted.    Professor 

'*'  Cristoforo  Colombo  (in  series:  Profili),  78  pp.,  Rome,  1918. 

"5  La  geografia  umana,  La  Geografia,  Vol.  4,  1916,  pp.  366-387.        _} 

■"  Climatologia  di  Tripoli  e  Bengasi,  Monogr.  e  Rapp.  Colon.  No.  4,  Rome,  1917;  Le  precipitazioni  acquee 
in  Palestina,  Boll.  Reale  Soc.  Geogr.  Ital.,  Vol.  57,  1920,  pp.  259-270. 

1"  Atlante  di  geografia  fisica,  politica,  ed  economica:  Fascicolo  i,  18  plates  with  over  300  maps  and  diagrs., 
Turin,  etc.,  1918. 

"ss  La  regione  del  Monte  Amiata,  Mem.  Geogr.  No.  30,  Florence,  1919;  Fenomeni  carsici  nelle  regione  gessose 
d'ltalia,  ibid.  No.  34,  1917. 

139  Sul  concetto  di  regione  naturale,  Riv.  Geogr.  Didatt.,  Vol.  4,  1920,  No.  s;  II  Friuli  come  tipo  di  regione 
naturale,  ibid..  Vol.  l,  1917;  Sopra  le  regioni  ed  i  confini  naturali  con  particolari  cenni  relativi  all'Italia,  .Vppendl.x 
I  (pp.  1 14-122)  to  a  general  paper  on  the  geographical  situation  in  Italy:  La  geografia  in  Italia,  Riv.  Geogr. 
Ital.,  Vol.  23,  1916,  pp.  1-24  and  113-131. 

'"The  Regions  of  Mixed  Populations  in  Northern  Italy,  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  7.  I9i9.  PP-  129-148,  with  ethno- 
graphic map,  I  :  1,500,000. 

'"  Dei  tipi  econoraici  dei  centri  abitati  a  proposito  di  alcune  citta  italiane  ed  americane,  Riv.  Geogr.  Ital., 
Vol.  23,  1916,  pp.  413-431. 

'"  Appunti  storici  e  didattici  sulle  curve  isometriche,  Riv.  Geogr.  Didalt.,  Vol.  4,  1920,  No.  6;  Vol.  s,  1921, 
No.  I. 

i"  L'Etna:  Saggio  antropogeografico,  28  pp.,  Messina,  1907. 

"*  Osservazioni  intorno  alia  distribuzione  della  popolazionc  sulla  superficie  tcrrestre,  Riv,  Geogr.  Didatt., 
Vol.  I,  1917. 


452  THE  CFOCRAPHICAL  REVIEW 

^.luinnitiapani,  author  ol  a  ii-i;u)iial  luoiiograph  on  Savoy, "^  has  dealt 
with  the  methods  of  study  of  regional  geography.'''®  Florence  is  also  the 
headquarters  of  the  Istituto  Geografico  Militare,  which,  under  the  energetic 
direction  of  General  N.  Vacchelli,  is  making  valuable  contributions  to 
geography  even  beyond  its  regular  output  of  topographic  and  other  maps. 
In  11)20  this  office  began  the  publication  of  a  monthly  journal  called 
L'lvivcrso,  which  contains  geographical  articles  of  general  interest,  more 
especially  dealing  with  mapping.  Among  articles  of  the  latter  type,  for 
example,  has  appeared  one  on  material  of  such  relatively  difficult  access  as 
the  topographic  maps  of  Turkey.""  This  appropriateness  of  Florence  made 
it  the  city  that  was  chosen  for  the  eighth  Italian  Geographical  Congress, 
which  was  held  there  from  March  29  to  April  23,  1921."^  No  congress  had 
been  held  since  1910,  in  Palermo.  Dr.  F.  de  Filippi  spoke  on  the  publication 
of  the  results  of  the  Duke  of  Abruzzi's  expeditioh  to  the  Karakorum."' 
Count  Cesare  Calciati,  who  is  a  pupil  of  Professor  Girardin  of  Fribourg, 
Switzerland,  reported  on  his  recent  glacial  studies  during  the  expedition 
to  the  Himalayas  under  the  auspices  of  M.  Piacenza.^^"  Professor  Marinelli 
outlined  the  plan  of  a  comprehensive  physical  and  anthropological  atlas  of 
Itah',  and  the  Italian  Touring  Club,  well  known  for  the  publication  of  an 
admirable  map  of  Italy  in  i  :  250,000  and  detailed  provincial  guide  books 
of  Italy,  exhibited  the  first  sheets  of  the  large  general  atlas  which  it  is 
bringing  out.^^' 

Other  University  Geographers 

Among  other  leading  geographers  at  the  universities  should  be  mentioned 
Professor  Giotto  Dainelli  of  Pisa,  editor  of  Memorie  Geografiche,  the  series 
of  monographs  supplementary^  to  the  Revista  Geografica  Italiana,  to  w'hich 
he  has  himself  recently  contributed  an  excellent  discussion,  valuable  from 
the  standpoint  of  method,  of  population  distribution  in  Tuscany,^"-  besides 
publishing  a  regional  study  of  Dalmatia  with  accompanying  atlas  ;'^' 
Professor  Carlo  Errera  of  the  University  of  Bologna,  known  for  his  history 
of  the  age  of  discovery,  who  has  recently  studied  the  Italian-Slav  contact 
zone  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Adriatic^^*  and  published  an  excellent  concise 

>**  La  Savoia:  Monografia  geograficai  Boll.  Reale  Soc.  Geogr.  Jtal.,  Vol.  52,  1915,  pp.  31-68. 

>*•  II  metodo  negli  studi  di  geografia  regionale,  Riv.  Geogr.  Ital.,  Vol.  26,  1919.  PP-  1-27.     See  also  his: 
Monografie  regional!,  Riv.  Geogr.  Didatt.,  Vol.  i,  1917.  No.  4. 

"'  II  Ser\-izio  Topografico  nell'  Impero  Ottomano  e  la  moderna  cartografia  turco,  L'Universo,  Vol.  i,  1920, 
pp.  127-136,  with  several  maps,  including  indexes  of  the  i  :  25,000-50,000  and  i  :  200,000  series  (cf.  p-448,  top). 

"^  Riv.  Ceogr.  Ital.,  Vol.  28,  1921,  pp.  1-8;  Roberto  Almagia,  Petermanns  Milt.,  Vol.  67,  1921,  p.  129. 

M»  La  spedizione  nel  Karakorum  e  nell'  Imalaja  occidentale,  1909:  Relazione  dell  Dott.  Filipix)  de  Filippi, 
illustr.  di  Vittorio  Sella,  i  vol.  text  and  case  of  panoramas  and  maps,  Bologna,  1920). 

•*"  Cesare  Calciati:  Cenno  sui  risultati  geografici  della  spedizione  Mario  Piacenza  in  Himalaja,  Milan,  1921, 
with  map,  i  :  100,000,  of  glaciers  explored. 

"' R.  Almagia:  Un  grande  atlante  geografico  italiano,  Riv.  Ceogr.  Ital.,  Vol.  24,  1917.  Pp.  353-357;  L.  V. 
Bertarelli:  L'attiviti  geografica  del  Touring  Club  Italiano  nel  decennio  1910-20;  II  grande  Atlante  Interna- 
zionale  del  T.  C.  I.  (Nota  per  I'VIII  Congr.  Geogr.  Ital.),  32  pp.,  Florence,  1921. 

"'  La  distribuzione  della  popolazione  in  Toscana,  Mem.  Geogr.  No.  33,  260  pp.,  Florence,  191 7.  with  3  map6 
showing  population  in  relation  to  area  and  altitude,  and  the  location  and  size  of  agglomerations. 

"•  La  Dalmazia,  i  vol.  text,  73  pp.,  and  atlas  of  22  plates  with  60  maps,  Novara,  1918. 

•*<  Italiani  e  Slavi  nella  Venezia  Giulia,  Quaderni  Ceogr.  No.  p,  Novara,  1918;  La  lingua  dei  pubblici  uffici 
nei  comuni  dalmaii  trent'  anni  fa,  Riv.  Geogr.  Ital.,  Vol.  27,  1920,  pp.  47-53. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  453 

account  of  Italy  and  its  regions  ;^^^  Professor  Arrigo  Lorenzi  of  Padua,  whose 
latest  anthropogeographical  study  deals  with  man  and  the  forest/^^  and 
Professor  Luigi  De  Marchi  of  the  same  university,  who  has  recently  added 
a  concise  manual  of  physical  geography^^^  to  his  earlier  comprehensive 
treatise  on  that  subject^^^  and  written  a  valuable  discussion  of  the  karst 
hydrography  of  the  Asiago  Plateau  ;^^^  Professor  Attilio  Mori  of  Messina, 
who  deals  with  population  distribution  in  Sicily  ;^^''  Professor  C.  Colamonico 
of  Naples,  who  has  made  intensive  studies  of  the  population  of  the  provinces 
of  Puglia  and  Lecce  in  relation  to  elements  of  physical  geography  ;i^i  Pro- 
fessor Cosimo  Bertacchi  of  Turin,  who  recently  wrote  a  short  paper  on 
Armenia;'^-  Professor  Mario  Baratta  of  Pavia,  editor  of  the  excellent 
educational  journal  La  Geografia,  who  has  recently  added  to  his  general 
studies  of  the  "natural"  eastern  boundary  of  Italy  in  the  Karst  region^^'  an 
investigation  of  the  critical  Adelsberg  area.^** 

At  the  Accademia  Scientifico-Letteraria  of  Milan  geography  is  represented 
by  Professor  Giuseppe  Ricchieri,  who  has  long  devoted  himself  to  developing 
the  methods  of  geography.  During  the  war  he  published  a  paper  on  the 
geographical  basis  of  Poland. ^^^  Associated  with  him  as  instructor  is  Paolo 
Revelli,  who  has  recently  writtwi  a  paper  on  Italian  influence  in  the  develop- 
ment of  political  geography  as  a  science^^^  and  a  book  on  the  relation  of 
Italy  to  the  Levant.^" 

Recent  Publications 

The  following  topics  of  other  recent  publications  will,  like  the  work  of 
the  men  just  discussed,  illustrate  the  high  state  of  development  of  geography 
in  Italy:  the  glacier-slip  on  the  Italian  side  of  Mont  Blanc  in  November, 
iQ2o;^^*  forests  in  relation  to  stream  flow  (based  on  H.  M,  Chittenden)  i^"^ 
the  historical  development,  content,  and  present  tendencies  of  plant  geog- 
raphy ,^^°  and  the  phytogeographical  and  zoogeographical  position  of  the 

1"  L'ltalia  e  le  sue  region!,  40  pp.,  Bologna,  1919. 

156  L'uomo  e  le  foreste,  Riv.  Geogr.  Ital.,  Vol.  25,  1918,  pp.  141-180,  213-242,  Vol.  26,  1919,  pp.  47-57- 

'5'  Geografia  fisice  e  geologia,  244  pp.,  Milan,  1917. 

'"'Trattato  di  geografia  fisica,  503  pp.,  Milan,  1902. 

'*'Suir  idrografia  carsica  dell'  Altipiano  del  Sette  Comuni,   Ufficio  Idrogr.  Pubbl.  No.  22,  Venice,  19H. 

i«o  La  distribuzione  della  popolazione  in  Sicilia  e  le  sue  variazoni  negli  ultimi  quattro  seculi,  Mem.  Geogr. 
No.  36,  Florence,  1920. 

in  La  distribuzione  delle  popolazione  nella  Puglia  centrale  e  meridionale  secondo  la  natura  del  suolo,  BoU. 
Reale  Soc.  Geogr.  Ital.,  Vol.  53,  1916,  pp.  201-234,  274-305,  403-429;  La  distribuzione  della  popolazione  in 
Puglia  secondo  la  distanza  dal  mare,  ibid.,  Vol.  55,  1918,  pp.  373-393,  597-622,  760-780;  Zona  di  piovositd  e 
densita  di  popolazione  nella  provincia  di  Lecce,  Riv.  Geogr.  Ilal.,  Vol.  24,  1917,  pp.  i6i-i8o. 

"2  L'Armenia:  Una  Polonia  asiatica,  Quaderni  Geogr.  No.  2,  Novara,  1918. 

'«'  Confine  orientale  d'ltalia,  Quaderni  Geogr.  No.  3,  Novara,  1918,  with  two  maps,  i  :  500,000  and 
I  :  250,000. 

'"  La  circolaziofie  interna  delle  acque  ed  il  confine  orientale  d'ltalia.  La  Geografia,  Vol.  8,  1920,  pp.  134-145 
(the  region  dealt  with  is  shown  on  the  i  :  250,000  map  of  the  publication  listed  in  the  preceding  footnote). 

'•5  Le  basi  geografiche  della  nazione  polacca.  Boll.  Soc.  Geogr.  Hal.,  Vol.  53,  1916,  pp.  306-322  and  385-402. 

"•  Le  origini  italiane  delle  geografia  politica.  Boll.  Soc.  Geogr.  Hal.,  Vol.  55,  1918,  pp.  1 18-129,  221-240, 
394-4'6,  623-636,  728-759.  Vol.  56,  1919,  230-243,  279-308,  395-422. 

"'  L'ltalia  e  il  mar  di  Levante,  234  pp.,  Milan,  1917. 

"'  U.  Valbusa:  La  catastrofe  del  Monte  Bianco  e  del  Ghiacciaio  della  Brcnva,  Boll.  Soc.  Geogr.  Hal.,  Vol. 
58,  1921,  pp.  95-114,  151-162,  with  photographs. 

'•'A.  Scala:  Influenza  del  bosco  sul  regime  delle  acque,  ibid.,  pp.  205-224. 

"»  A.  Beguinot:  La  fitogeografia:  Sviluppo  storico,  contenuto,  e  direttive  moderne.  La  Geografia,  Vol.  6.  1918, 
PP-  322-346  and  435-465- 


454  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 

Atlriatic  region'"'  U^^^^  papers  of  Professor  Aiitriisto  B(f>guinot,  botanist  at 
the  University  of  Padua);  pastoral-agricultural  life,  translnimancc,  and 
provincial  fairs  in  Piedmont  ;'^^  the  diminution  of  population  in  Basilicata;^'' 
mountains  as  language  divides,'"^  by  Professor  Francesco  Musoni  of  the 
University  of  Padua;  and  the  regional  geography  of  Transcaucasia. ^^^ 

In  the  field  of  cartography'"^  mention  should  be  made  of  a  new  advanced 
school  atlas'""  published  by  the  \vell-kno\vn  Istituto  Geografico  De  Agostini, 
under  the  editorship  of  its  scientific  director,  Dr.  Luigi  Visintin,  who 
studied  under  Bruckner.  A  Brazilian  edition  of  this  atlas  has  also  appeared. 
Achille  Dardano  of  the  Cartographic  Office  of  the  Ministry  of  Colonies 
has  recently  designed  a  symmetrical-elliptical  projection  for  world  economic 
maps.^"^   A  report  on  topographic  mapping  in  Cyrenaica  is  of  interest."® 

Spain  '80 

At  the  Spanish  universities  the  dualistic  conception  of  geography  may  be 
said  to  prevail,  "political  and  descriptive  geography"  being  taught  in  the 
Faculty  of  Philosophy  and  Letters,  and  "cosmography  and  geophysics"  in 
the  Faculty  of  Science.  The  really  essential  part  of  the  subject  is  that 
taught  in  the  Faculty  of  Letters  ;^8'  it  here  comes  under  the  history  section. 
The  fact  that  the  completion  of  studies  in  this  section  conferred  upon  the 
graduate  {licenciado)  the  title  of  professor  of  history  and  geography  in  the 
secondary  schools  and  that  this  led  to  overburdening  the  teacher  and  neg- 
lecting geography^^^  brought  about  a  movement  for  the  separation  of  the 

>"  Idem:  L'ipotesi  dell'  "Adria"  nei  rapporti  con  la  corologia  delle  piante  e  degli  animali,  ibid..  Vol.  5,  I9I7« 
pp.  18S-207. 

>'*  G.  B.  Roletto:  Ricerche  antropogeografiche  suUa  Val  Pellice,  Mem.  Geogr.  No.  35,  Florence,  1918  (noticed 
in  Ceogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  7,  1919,  pp.  265-266);  La  Valle  dell'  Orsigna:  Appunti  di  geografia  antropica  ed  economica, 
Riv.  Ceogr.  Hal.,  Vol.  23,  1916,  pp.  432-440,  Vol.  24,  1917,  pp.  24-38;  La  transumanza  in  Piemonte,  ibid.. 
Vol.  27,  1920,  pp.  114-120,  w-ith  map;  La  zona  pastorale  delle  Valli  di  Lanzo,  La  Geografia,  Vol.  9,  1921,  pp. 
1-25;  Le  condizione  geografiche  delle  fiere  di  Pinerolo,  ibid.,  pp.  99-135. 

'"'  Paolo  De  Grazia:  La  diminuzione  delle  popolazione  in  Basilicata,  Boll.  Soc.  Ceogr.  Ital.,  Vol.  58,  1921, 
pp.  411-440  and  525-553- 

"*  F.  Musoni:  Le  linee  di  cresta  dei  sistemi  montagnosi  ed  i  confini  delle  aree  etnico-linguistiche,  Riv.  Ceogr. 
Ital..  Vol.  25,  1918,  pp.  166-180.  i% 

1"  Silvio  Govi:  Transcaucasia,  L'Universo,  Vol.  I,  1920,  pp.  295-319,  Vol.  2,  1921,  pp.  5-40,  81-120,  with 
mapts  of  the  Caucasus  region,  mainly  in  i  :  4,000,000,  showing  geology,  relief,  hypsometrj',  drainage,  climate, 
precipitation,  temperature,  ethnography,  types  of  cultivation,  mineral  resources,  population  density. 

i"«  See  R.  Almagia:  La  cartografia  in  Italia,  Riv.  Geogr.  Ital.,  Vol.  24,  1917,  pp.  244-254. 

'"'  Atlante  geografico  metodico,  63  plates,  Novara,  1921. 

i'8  Le  proiezioni  in  planisfero  per  le  carte  di  geografia  economica.  La  Geografia,  Vol.  7,  1919.  PP-  24-41,  with 
four  world  maps,  i  :  200,000,000,  in  Mollweide's,  Aitoff's,  Hammer's,  and  Dardano 's  projections. 

1"  G.  Gianni:  I  lavori  topografici  in  Cirenaica,  L'Universo,  Vol.  i,  1920,  pp.  387-406,  with  maps. 

IS"  On  the  recent  development  of  geography  in  this  country,  see  the  last  chapters  in  Becker's  history  of 
geography  in  Spain  cited  in  footnote  188  and  the  relevant  papers  cited  in  the  footnotes  that  foUow.  .■Xmong 
expressions  of  foreign  thought  exerting  an  influence  on  this  development  it  is  of  interest  to  note  W.  S.  Tower's 
I)aper  on  Scientific  Geography  in  Bull.  Amer.  Geogr.  Soc.,  Vol.  42,  1910,  pp.  801-825,  which  was  translated  in 
BU.  Real.  Soc.  Ceogr-,  Madrid,  Vol.  53,  1911,  pp.  129-169,  by  Vicente  Vera,  who,  on  Professor  Beltran  y  Roz- 
pide'a  inability  to  come,  was  substituted  as  Spain's  representative  on  the  American  Geographical  Society's 
Transcontinental  Excursion  of  1912,  but  was  likewise  unable  to  attend  {Rev.  de  Geogr.  Colon,  y  Mercantil,  publ. 
by  Real  Soc  Geogr.,  Madrid,  Vol.  9,  1912,  pp.  196-197  and  492-493). 

'»'  For  this  reason  the  universities  at  which  only  "cosmography  and  geophysics"  are  represented  (Granada, 
Oviedo,  Salamanca)  are  not  shown  on  the  accompanying  map. 
_       'Si  cf.  G.  M.  Vergara:  Las  citedras  de  geografia  e  historia  de  Ics  institutes.  Rev.  de  Ceogr. Colon,  y  Mercantil. 
Vol.  8,  1911,  PP  .121-123, 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  455 

two  subjects.^^^  In  1914  geography  and  history  were  by  royal  decree  estab- 
lished as  separate  subjects  of  study  at  the  reorganized  normal  schools;  like- 
wise at  the  Institute  del  Cardinal  Cisneros  of  Madrid.  In  191 5,  on  the 
reorganization  of  the  higher  commercial  studies,  a  professorship  in  geography 
was  created  at  the  Escuela  Central  de  Intendentes  Mercantiles  in  Madrid. 
In  this  advancement  of  geography  in  Spain  much  is  due  to  the  activities 
of  the  Council  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  of  Madrid,  and  particularly 
of  its  secretary-general,  Don  Ricardo  Beltran  y  Rozpide.  His  report  to  the 
Minister  of  Education  in  1913  on  the  teaching  of  geography^^*  is  one  of  the 
important  documents  of  the  reform  movement.  Professor  Beltran  y  R6zpide 
is  also  professor  of  geography  at  the  Escuela  de  Estudios  Superiores  del  Ma- 
gisterio  in  Madrid.  Of  his  guide  to  the  study  of  geography  a  new  edition  has 
recently  appeared. ^^°  Among  others  who  have  contributed  to  modernizing 
geography  in  Spain  are:  Professor  Odon  de  Buen,  effective  protagonist  of 
our  subject,*^*  to  whose  efforts  is  due  the  creation  in  1914  of  the  Institute 
Espanol  de  Oceanografia  in  Madrid,^^^  with  maritime  laboratories  in  the 
Balearic  Islands  and  at  Malaga  and  Santander;  Jeronimo  Becker  of  the 
Academy  of  History,  author,  among  other  fundamental  works,  of  a  compre- 
hensive history  of  geography  in  Spain  down  to  modern  times ;^^^  Professor 
Eloy  Bullon  of  the  University  of  Madrid,  who  contributed  a  paper  on  the 
present  state  of  geography  in  Spain  ;^^' A.  Bartolome  y  Mis,  professor  of  the 
industry  and  commerce  of  Spain  at  the  aforementioned  Escuela  Central  de 
Intendentes  Mercantiles  in  Madrid,  whose  spirited  introduction^^"  to  the 
book  on  economic  geography  of  A.  Lopez  Sanchez,  professor  of  economic 
geography  at  the  same  institution,  is  a  patriotic  plea  for  the  advancement  of 
geography  in  his  country's  interest;  and  Antonio  Blazquez,  librarian  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  of  Madrid,  whose  original  volume  on  Spain^^^ 
in  his  adaptation  of  Vidal  de  la  Blache  and  Camena  d'Almeida's  textbook 

'8»Cf.the  letter  of  March  3,  ign.frora  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  of  Madrid  to  the  Minister  of  Educa- 
tion, Rev.  de  Geogr.  Colon,  y  Mercanlil,  Vol.  8,  1911,  pp.  81-84. 

'8<  La  geograf  ia  y  su  ensenanza,  ibid..  Vol.  10,  1913,  pp.  409-441.  Second  edition  published  as  a  42-page  pam- 
^hlet,  Madrid,  1920. 

18S  Geografia:  Guia  y  plan  para  su  estudio,  con  especial  aplicaci6n  d  la  geografia  economica,  3  vols.:  Vol.  I, 
264  pp.,  3rd  edition;  Vol.  2,  291  pp.,  2nd  edition,  both  Madrid,  1920;  Vol.  3.  ist  edition,  196  pp.,  Madrid,  1917. 
(See  synopsis.  Rev.  de  Geogr.  Colon,  y  Mercanlil,  Vol.  17,  1920,  pp.  363-364.  and  review  of  first  edition,  ibid.. 
Vol.  14,  1917.  pp.  41-52.) 

'86  Cf .  his  inaugural  address  at  the  opening  of  the  academic  year  1909-10  at  the  University  of  Barcelona:  La 
ensenanza  de  la  geografia  en  Espafia,  Bol.  Real  Soc.  Geogr.,  Madrid,  Vol.  SL  1909,  PP.  409-441  (with  references 
to  previous  papers  of  importance  in  the  reform  movement  and  a  plea  for  the  consideration  of  oceanography), 
and  a  paper  read  at  the  fortieth  anniversary  of  the  Madrid  Geographical  Society:  La  ciencia  gcogrAfica  en 
Espafla,  ibid..  Vol.  s8,  1916,  pp.  143-153- 

'"  Cf.Odon  de  Buen:  El  Instituto  Espafiol  de  Oceanografia  y  sus  primeras  campaflas,  rraftojoi  de  Oceanogr. 
1,  Madrid,  1916. 
r^~  188  Los  estudios  geogrSficos  en  Espafta:   Ensayo  de  una  historia  de  la  geografia,  366  pp..  Real.  Soc.  Geogr., 
Madrid,  1917. 

'8»  Estado  actual  de  la  cnseilanza  de  la  geografia  en  Espafla,  Bol.  Real  Soc.  Geogr.,  Madrid,  Vol.  58,  1916,  pp. 
153-170. 

i'"  Concepto  y  valor  de  la  geografia  y  especialmente  de  la  geografia  econ6mica.  Rev.  de  Geogr.  Colon,  y 
Mercanlil,  Vol.  11,  1914,  pp.  409-424. 

'"  Antonio  Blazquez,  jointly  with  Delgado  Aguilera:  Espaila  y  Portugal,  Vol.  3  in  Curso  de  Geografia  por 
P.  Vidal  de  la  Blache,  P.  Camena  d'Almcida  y  A.  Bldzqucz  adaptado  &  las  nccesidadcs  de  Espafta  y  America 
(6  vols.,  Barcelona,  1913-16),  Barcelona,  1914- 


456  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 

series  on  geography  is  one  of  tlie  best  modern  geographies  of  that  country. 
The  leading  part  played  in  the  development  of  the  modern  scientific  spirit 
in  Spain  by  the  Museo  Nacional  dc  Ciencias  Naturales  in  Madrid  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  Junta  para  Ampliaci6n  de  Estudios  e  Investigaciones 
Cientfficas  redounds  to  the  benefit  of  geography.  In  the  geological  series  of 
publications  of  the  museum  has  appeared  an  excellent  physical  geography  of 
the  Iberian  peninsula  by  Juan  Dantfn  Cereceda,^^*  thoroughly  modern  in 
method  and  spirit.  Other  numbers  of  geographical  interest  in  the  same 
series  deal  with  the  geology  of  the  northern  part  of  the  peninsula,  with  the 
Quaternary  glaciation  of  the  mountains  of  Spain,  and  with  the  geography, 
including  the  human  geography,  of  that  important  life-zone  boundary,  the 
Sierra  de  Guadarrama,  at  whose  southern  foot  lies  Madrid. ^^^  A  product  of 
the  same  school  is  a  recent  physiographic  paper,^^*  with  block  diagrams,  on 
river  capture  in  the  Ronda  basin  in  southern  Spain.  In  the  field  of  plant 
geography  a  recent  book  on  the  steppes  of  Spain^^^  by  Dr.  Reyes  y  Pr6sper, 
professor  of  phytogeography  at  the  University  of  Madrid,  is  of  much  interest. 
Among  the  numerous  modern  geographical  works  of  Emilio  H.  del  Villar 
there  may  be  mentioned  one  on  the  subject-matter  of  geography  and  one 
on  the  "geographical  value"  of  Spain."^ 

The  recent  military'  operations  in  Spanish  Morocco  have  focused  the 
country's  attention  on  that  region.  Among  timely  publications  may  be 
mentioned  a  comprehensive  history  of  European,  especially  Spanish,  pene- 
tration in  Morocco  and  a  compilation  of  treaties  and  laws  relating  to  that 
countr\'  by  Jeronimo  Becker, ^^^  a  prize  essay  on  the  geographical,  economic, 
and  political  aspects  of  Spanish  Morocco,^^*  an  article  by  the  Spanish 
Ambassador  in  London,^^^  a  study  of  the  colonization  problem,^''"  contribu- 
tions to  the  geology  and  physical  geography,^''!  and  two  maps.^''^ 

'"  Juan  Dantin  Cereceda:  Resuinen  fisiografico  de  la  Peninsula  Iberica,  Trabajos  Museo  Cienc.  Nat.  No.  p, 
Madrid,  1912. 

"•  E.  Hernandez-Pacheco:  Ensayo  de  sintesis  geologica  del  norte  de  la  Peninsula  Iberica,  ibid..  No.  7,  1912; 
Hugo  Obermaier: — Picos  de  Europa, — Sierra  de  Credos, — Sierra  Nevada, — Sierra  de  Guadarrama,  ibid.:  Serie 
CeoL,  Nos.  9,  14,  17,  19  (see  note  in  Ceogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  2,  1916,  p.  308);  C.  Bernaldo  de  Quiros:  Guadarrama, 
ibid..  No.  II,  1915,  with  bird's-eye  view  by  Juan  Carandell. 

'"  Juan  Carandell:  Bosquejo  geografico  del  tajo  de  Ronda  (Malaga),  Rev.  de  Geogr.  Colon,  y  Mercantil, 
Vol.  18,  1921,  pp.  41-54. 

1"  E.  Reyes  y  Prosper:   Las  estepas  de  Espaiia  y  su  vegetacion,  Madrid,  1915. 

•"La  definicion  y  divisiones  de  la  geografia  dentro  de  su  concepto  unitario  actual,  Barcelona,  191S;  El 
valor  geografico  de  Espafia:  Ensayo  de  ecetica,  301  pp.,  Madrid,  1921. 

"'  Historia  de  Marruecos:  Apuntes  para  la  historia  de  la  penetracion  europea  y  principalmente  de  la  espanola 
en  el  Norte  de  Africa,  Madrid,  1915;  Tratados,  convenios  y  acuerdos  referentes  a  Marruecos  y  a  la  Guinea  Es- 
panola, Madrid,   191 8. 

198  Abelardo  Merino  Alvarez:  Marruecos,  Bol,  Real.  Soc.  Ceogr.,  Madrid,  Vol.  63,  1921,  pp.  S-168  (see  Geogr. 
Rev.,  Vol.  II,  1921,  p.  618). 

"♦  Alfonso  Merry  del  Val:  The  Spanish  Zones  in  Morocco,  Ceogr.  Journ.,  Vol.  SS,  1920,  pp.  329-349  and 
409-422  (transl.  in  Bol.  Real.  Soc.  Geogr.,  Madrid,  Vol.  62,  1920,  pp.  205-265,  and  noticed  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol. 
II,  1921,  pp.  618-619). 

wo  L.  M.  Peinador:  El  suelo  de  Marruecos  y  sus  primeros  habitantes:  Problema  hispano-marroqui,  Madrid, 
1920. 

""  Agustin  Marin:  Estudios  relativos  a  la  geologia  de  Marruecos,  Bol.  Inst.  Ceol.  de  Espana,  Vol.  42,  Madrid, 
1921;  L.  F.  Navarro:  Marruecos  fisico:  Valor  economico  del  protectorado  espanol.  Rev.  de  Ceogr.  Colon,  y  Mer- 
cantil, Vol.  18,  1921,  pp.  221-239. 

»<»  Ecola  y  Mendez:  ESpana  en  Marruecos:  Mapa  de  la  zona  en  el  norte  del  iroperio  asignada  a  ESpana 
sijgun  el  tratado  de  1912,  i  :  450,000;  and  J.  M.  de  Gamoneda:   Mapa  del  Imperio  de  Marruecos,  i  :  600,000. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  457 

Portugal 

In  Portugal  the  chief  geographical  centers  are  the  University  of  Lisbon 
and  the  Geographical  Society  of  Lisbon.  At  the  university  Professor  F. 
Silva  Telles  is  professor  of  geography.  Professor  Telles'  views  on  the  content 
of  geography  in  relation  to  academic  work  have  been  expressed  in  several 
papers.2°3  H^  jg  q\^q  professor  of  climatology  at  the  School  of  Tropical  Medi- 
cine in  Lisbon. 20*  Associated  with  Professor  Telles  at  the  university  is  Pro- 
fessor L.  F.  de  Lencastre  Schwalbach  Lucci,  who  has  done  work  along  mod- 
ern lines  both  in  physical  and  human  geography.  One  of  his  papers  is  a 
methodological  study  of  a  region  from  the  geographical  point  of  view.'^"' 
Many  of  the  activities  of  the  Geographical  Society  of  Lisbon  are  associated 
with  the  name  of  its  secretary-general,  Ernesto  de  Vasconcellos,  who  is  also 
attached  to  the  Colonial  School  in  Lisbon.  Professor  Vasconcellos  was  a 
delegate  to  the  recent  disarmament  conference  in  Washington,  and  the 
members  of  the  Association  of  American  Geographers  had  the  pleasure  of 
hearing  him  read  a  paper  on  the  early  Portuguese  discoveries  at  their  1921 
meeting  in  that  city.  Among  Professor  Vasconcellos'  recent  publications 
may  be  mentioned  a  paper  on  Portuguese  geographical  work  since  18892"* 
and  a  series  of  geographical  monographs  on  the  Portuguese  colonies,  of  which 
the  numbers  on  the  Cape  Verde  Islands  and  Portuguese  Guinea  have  ap- 
peared.2°^  Of  the  special  publications  of  the  Lisbon  society  a  volume  con- 
taining papers  on  colonial  and  economic  questions  in  preparation  for  post- 
war conditions'"^  is  of  interest.  Besides  these  institutions  geography  is  also 
represented  at  the  School  of  Commerce  in  Lisbon,  at  which  Professor  J.  G. 
Pereira  dos  Santos  gives  courses  in  economic  geography;  at  the  University 
of  Coimbra,  where  Professor  A.  F.  Carvalho  teaches  both  geography  in  the 
Faculty  of  Letters  and  geology  in  the  Faculty  of  Science;  and  the  University 
of  Oporto,  where  Professor  Mendes  Correa's  anthropological  work  has  geo- 
graphical bearing,  particularly  his  recent  book  on  race  and  nationality,  with 
special  reference  to  Portugal.'"^  A  work  of  outstanding  merit,  in  some  phases 
even  taking  on  the  aspect  of  a  social  philosophy  without  thereby  digressing 
from  its  central  theme,  is  Dr.  D.  G.  Dalgado's  book  on  the  climate  of  Por- 
tugal.210 

"'  L'enseignement  superieur  de  la  geographic,  Compte  Rendu  Trav.  IX'  Congr.  Internall.  de  Giogr.,  Vol.  3. 
pp.   271-280,  Geneva,  1911;  and  O  conceito  scientifico  da  geografia.  Rev.  Univ.  Coimbra,  Vol.  4,  No.   i, 

1915. 

-'^  This  aspect  of  his  work  is  reflected  in:  Le  rfigionalisme  climatologique,  Compte  Rendu  Trav.  IX'  Congr. 
Internall.  de  Ceogr.,  Vol.  2,  pp.  473-478,  Geneva,  1910. 

20iEstudo  met6dico  de  uma  regiao  no  ponto  de  vista  geogrdfico,  Lisbon.  Other  works:  Estudos  geogrdficos 
AlteracOea   litorais;    A    ria  de  Aveiro),   70  pp.,  Lisbon,   1918;    EmigragSo  e  colonizac5o,   los  pp.,  Lisbon, 

1914- 

2M  Les  voyages  et  Ics  travaux  geographiques  des  portugais  dcpuis  I'annfie  1889,  Atti  del  X  Congr.  Intetnaz.  di 
Ceogr.,  pp.  319-334.  Rome,  191s. 

"'  Colonias  Portugucsas:  Estudo  elementar  de  geografia  flsica,  econ6mica,  e  politica:  I,  Archipelago  de 
Cabo  Verde,  Lisbon,  1916;  II,  Guin6  Portuguesa,  Lisbon,  191 7- 

208  QuestCes  colonials  e  ccon6mica8:  ConclusOes  e  pareceres,  I9i3-I9'9.  339  PP-i  Lisbon,  1920. 

'»'  Raga  e  nacionalidade,  187  pp.,  Oporto,  1920. 

"oThe  Climate  of  Portugal  and  Notes  on  Its  Health  Resorts,  479  PP-.  Lisbon,  1914  (see  notice  in  Bull. 
Amer.  Ceogr.  Soc,  Vol.  47.  191S.  PP-  787-788). 


458  THE  GEOGR.\PHIC\L  REVIEW 

Belgium-" 

In  Belgium  tiie  de\elopment  of  geography  at  the  universities  may  be 
said  to  be  in  a  transitional  stage,  with  the  greater  part  of  progress  toward  the 
modem  conception  of  the  subject  accomplished,  however.  Geography  is 
represented  in  some  fomi  at  all  four  of  the  country's  universities.  At  the 
I'niversity  of  Brussels  it  is  closely  associated  with  histor>%  as  it  was  at  the 
French  universities  before  the  new  development.  It  is  not  a  degree  subject 
in  itself,  but  it  is  required  for  the  doctorate  in  the  "history  group"  in  the 
Faculty  of  Philosophy  and  Letters.-*-  It  is  there  represented  by  Professors 
A.  Hegenscheidt  and  C.  Pergameni.-*'  In  the  School  of  Political  and  Social 
Science  a  course  is  given  by  Professor  M.  Robert  on  the  geography  and 
anthropogeography  of  the  Belgian  Congo.  To  Professor  M.  Leriche,  who 
gi\es  courses  in  geology'  and  physical  geography  in  the  Faculty  of  Science, 
we  are  indebted  for  a  discussion  of  the  natural  regions  of  Belgium,  exclu- 
sively on  a  geological  basis,  however.-**  Although  not  representing  geography 
as  such,  Professor  Jean  Massart,  the  botanist,  of  the  Faculty  of  Science, 
has,  through  his  excursions,^**  and  his  phytogeographical  work,^*^  become  one 
of  the  chief  promoters  of  modern  geography  in  Belgium.  At  the  state  uni- 
\'ersities  of  Ghent  and  Liege  geography  was  put  in  a  specially  favorable  posi- 
tion by  being  made,  in  1900,  a  subject  for  the  doctorate,^*^  and,  significantly 
enough,  in  the  Faculty  of  Science.  No  special  productivity  in  publication  at 
Ghent  from  this  development  has  come  to  the  writer's  notice.  While  Pro- 
fessor F.  van  Ortroy,  the  incumbent  of  the  chair,  has,  in  his  reports  to  the 
Geographisches  Jahrbuch  from  1903  to  191 2,  on  the  progress  of  geography  in 
Belgium,  covered  all  branches  of  the  subject,  his  own  field  of  work  has  been 
mainly  in  political  and  historical  geography .2*^  The  numbers  of  geographical 
interest  in  the  Reciieil  des  Travaux  Publies  par  la  Faculte  de  Philosophie  et 
Lettres  de  V  Universite  de  Gand  (No.  27,  by  Nees;  No.  35,  by  Denuce;  No.  44, 
by  van  Ortroy)  all  concern  the  history  of  geography. 

^'  For  a  historj-  of  the  development  of  geographical  thought  in  Belgium,  see  Jules  Mees:  Les  sciences  geo- 
grapbiques,  pp.  225-272  of  Vol.  i  of  "Le  mouvement  scientifique  en  Belgique,"  2  vols.,  Brussels,  1907. 

^-  Universite  Libre  de  Bruxelles:  Programme  des  Cours  pour  1921-1922,  90  pp.,  Brussels,  1921;  reference  on 
p.  38. 

^'  In  1913  Professor  Pergameni  began  to  give  a  course  in  the  history  of  civilization.  The  following  papers 
are  an  outgrowth  of  this  work:  La  geographic  de  I'histoire:  Causerie  methodologique,  22  pp.,  Brussels,  1913; 
Le  milieu  geographique  et  les  principaux  aspects  de  la  civilisation  japonaise.  Rev.  Univ.  de  Bruxelles,  Vol.  26, 
1920-21.  pp.  185-200. 

"•  Maurice  Leriche:  Les  regions  naturelles  de  la  Belgique,  Rev.  Univ.  de  Bruxelles,  Vol.  19,  1913-14,  pp.  185- 
218.  See  also  Ceogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11,  1921,  pp.  583-585  (map,  p.  584). 

^''  Excursions  scientifiques  (geographie,  geologie,  botanique,  zoologie)  organist  par  I'Extension  de  I'Uni- 
versite  Libre  de  Bruxelles  et  dirigees  par  le  professeur  Jean  Massart:  1,  Sur  le  littoral  beige.  Rev.  Univ.  de  Bru- 
xelles,Vol.  II,  1905-06,  passim;  II,  Dans  le  Brabant,  ibid..  Vols.  12,  13,  14,  190&-07,  1907-08,  1908-09,  passim; 
III,  Sur  le  bord  de  la  Meuse,  220  pp.,  Brussels,  191 1;  IV,  En  HoUande,  119  pp.,  Brussels,  1912.  Parts  I  (223 
pp.,  Brussels,  1908)  and  II  (356  pp.,  Brussels,  1913)  have  also  appeared  in  book  form. 

°'  Main  work:  E^quisse  de  la  geographie  botanique  de  la  Belgique  (separate  from  Recueil  Inst.  Bot.  Leo 
Errera,  suppl.  Vol.  7bis),  332  pp.,  with  "annexe"  containing  photographs  and  maps,  Brussels,  1910. 

^'  Joseph  Halkin:  Le  doctorat  en  geographie  dans  les  universites  beiges,  Compte  Rendu.  Trav.  IX^  Congr. 
Inlernatl.  de  Ceogr.,  Vol.  3,  pp.  303-307,  Geneva,  1911.  Cf.  also  Note  on  the  Position  of  Geography  in  Belgium, 
by  a  Belgian  Professor,  Ceogr.  Teacher,  Vol.  10,  1919-20,  p.  153. 

"'  To  his  earlier  works  on  the  boundary  treaties  of  Africa,  Peter  Apianus,  and  Mercator,  he  added,  just  be- 
fore the  war:  L'oeu\Te  cartographique  de  Gerard  et  de  Corneille  de  Jode,  Recueil  Trav.  Fac.  Philos.  et  Lettres 
Univ.  de  Cand  No.  44,  Ghent,  1914. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  459 

However,  at  the  University  of  Liege  the  new  opportunity  brought  about  a 
period  of  marked  activity. ^^^  Under  the  direction  of  Professor  Joseph  Halkin, 
who  studied  for  a  time  under  Richthofen  and  Ratzel,^^°a  modest  but  valuable 
series,  Travaux  du  Seminaire  de  Geogmphie  de  V  UniversiU  de  Liege,  was  begun 
in  1905  in  which  the  doctor's  theses  and  seminar  papers  appeared.  The  pub- 
lication emerges  from  the  w'ar  with  renewed  vitality,  three  numbers  having 
been  added  in  1920  and  1921  to  its  ten  pre-war  issues.  The  titles  of  some  of 
these  papers  betoken  the  modern  spirit  of  the  work  being  done  at  Liege.-^ 
At  the  Catholic  University  of  Louvain  the  progressive  quality  of  the  work 
in  geography  is  assured  by  its  being  in  the  hands  of  Professor  P.  Michotte, 
who  has  recentl}^  basing  his  research  on  the  most  recent  developments  of  the 
German  school  of  thought  no  less  than  the  French,  published  a  penetrating 
analysis  of  the  subject  matter  of  geography ,222  A  recent  paper,  product  of 
the  Louvain  geography  department,  is  also  evidence  of  its  progressive  spirit.^' 

Under  the  auspices  of  the  Comite  National  de  Geographic,  which  was 
founded  in  1920  and  is  subsidized  by  the  Ministry  of  Science  and  Arts,  the 
first  Belgian  interuniversity  geographic  excursion  was  held  in  September, 
1921.-2*  Inspired  by  the  similar  French  excursions,  which  began  in  1906,  and 
modeled  on  the  earlier  Belgian  ecological  excursions  conducted  by  Professor 
Massart,  who  also  directed  the  present  one,  these  excursions  promise  to 
become  an  important  factor  in  the  advancement  of  modern  geography  in 
Belgium. 

Elisee  Reclus'  Belgian  Sojourn 

It  may  be  of  interest  here  to  make  some  mention  of  Elisee  Reclus'  Belgian 
sojourn,  particularly  as  it  bears  some  relation  to  the  beginning  of  the  modern 
movement  in  that  country.  Possibly  in  connection  wath  certain  endeavors 
to  advance  the  status  of  geography ,22^  and  as  a  result  of  the  greater  freedom, 
w'ithin  the  combination  with  history,  allotted  geography  in  the  higher  insti- 
tutions of  learning  by  a  law  passed  in  1890-1891,  the  great  French  geogra- 
pher, who  had  just  completed  his  monumental  "Nouvelle  Geographic  Uni- 
verselle,"  was  in  1892  invited  to  give  a  course  in  geography  at  the  University 
of  Brussels.  This  appointment  came  to  naught,  however,  seemingly  because 
of  his  socialistic  beliefs.^^^   He  soon  became  connected  wnth  the  University 

='»  Joseph  Halkin:  L'enseignement  de  la  geographic  a  I'Universitfi  de  Lifige,  Trav.  Simin.  de  Giogr.  Univ.de 
Liige  No.  6,  Liege,  1907. 

"0  From  this  period  dates  his:  L'enseignement  de  la  geographic  en  Allcmagne  et  la  r^forme  de  renseignement 
geographique  dans  les  universit^s  beiges,  171  pp.,  Brussels,  1900. 

221  No.  8,  La  rupture  scandinave:  fitude  anthropogtegraphique;  No.  9.  La  transhumance;  No.  10,  L'influcnce 
dc  la  foret  sur  I'homme;  No.  11,  Le  coton  au  Congo  beige;  No.  13.  La  region  des  dunes  en  Belgique:  £tude  de 
geographic  humaine. 

222  L'orientation  nouvelle  en  gdographie.  Bull.  Soc.  Royale  Beige  de  Giogr.,  Vol.  45.  1921,  pp.  S-43. 

'-»  Marguerite  Leffivre:  Carte  r6gionale  du  peuplement  de  la  Belgique,  La  Giogr.,  Vol.  36,  1921.  PP-  i-34 
(abstracted  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11.  1921,  pp.  612-614). 

'''*  Program  in  Btdl.  Soc.  Royale  Beige  de  Giogr., Vol.  44,  1920,  pp.  254-256,  and  Bull.  Soc.  Royale  de  Giogr, 
d'Anvers,Vo\.  41,  1921,  pp.  154-157.  Account  in  Ann.  de  Giogr.,  Vol.  30,  1921,  pp.  4S4-4S6;  relevant  maps  and 
diagrams  in  Bull.  Soc.  Royale  Beige  de  Giogr.,  Vol.  45,  1921,  pp.  44-59- 

-2''  Cf.  the  reform  proposal  in  J.  Du  Fief:  L'enseignement  supCrieurde  la  g6ographic  en  Belgique,  Bull.  .Soc. 
Royale  Beige  de  Giogr.,  Vol.  16,  1892,  pp.  225-249. 

»"  Guillaume  de  Grecf :  lilogcs  d'lilisde  Reclus  et  de  Kellda-Krauz,  Ghent,  1906,  pp.  34-35;  and  obituary  no- 
tice in  Ann.  de  Giogr.,  Vol.  14,  1905,  P-  374. 


46o  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 

Noin elle  of  Brussels,  an  institution  of  university  extension  t>pe,  founded  in 
1S91,  at  which  he  established,  in  1898,  an  Institut  Geographique."^  This 
event  proved  of  assistance  to  the  nunement  for  the  advancement  of  geog- 
raphy, from  which  resulted,  as  outlined  abo\e,  the  introduction  of  the  doc- 
torate in  geography  at  the  state  universities  in  1900.  The  work  of  the  insti- 
tute was  published  in  a  series  entitletl  Publications  dc  VInslilut  Geographique 
de  r  Vniversite  Xouvclle  dc  Bruxellcs,  of  which  seven  numbers  had  appeared  by 
1902,  one  by  Reclus  himself.--*  To  this  period  belongs  the  writing  of  his  last 
work,  "L'homme  et  la  terre"  (5  vols.,  Paris,  1905). 


The  Netherlands 

In  the  Netherlands  the  development  of  modern  geography^^^  has  suffered 
from  the  fact  that,  when  it  was  introduced  at  the  universities,  the  unity  of 
the  subject  was  not  recognized. 

In  1907,  when  the  veteran  geographer,  Professor  C.  M.  Kan,^^"  because  of 
reaching  the  age  limit  retired  from  the  chair  he  had  occupied  at  Amsterdam 
University  since  1877,  two  chairs  were  established,  one  in  physical  geography 
in  the  Faculty  of  Science,  and  the  other  in  political  geography  and  in  the 
geography  and  ethnography  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies  in  the  Faculty  of 
Letters  and  Philosophy.  Likewise  at  the  University  of  Utrecht,  in  1907,  the 
educational  authorities  proposed  to  establish  a  professorship  in  physical 
geography  in  the  Faculty  of  Science  and  an  instructorship  in  statistical, 
political,  economic,  and  general  geography  in  the  Faculty  of  Letters.  The 
plan  further  contemplated  successively  appointing  professors  of  meteorol- 
ogy,  climatolog>%  oceanography,  ethnology,  etc.  This  brought  forth  pro- 
tests from  professional  circles,  and  the  instructorship  in  political  geography 
was  made  a  full  professorship  and  the  multifarious  professorships  were  aban- 
doned. However,  to  this  day  this  dualistic  conception  of  our  subject  persists 
at  the  Dutch  universities.  At  Amsterdam  E.  Dubois,  who  recently  con- 
tributed a  paper  on  the  historic  function  of  dunes  of  Holland  as  natural 
dikes.^*^  is  professor  of  geology  and  physical  geography,  and  S.  R.  Steinmetz 
of  ethnography  and  social  geography;  at  Utrecht  the  well-known  geographers 
K.  Oestreich,  who  was  called  from  Germany  to  occupy  the  chair,  and  J.  F. 
Niermeyer  represent  respectively  geomorphology  and  economic  geography. 

This  division  of  geography  in  the  universities  is  of  course  detrimental  to 

='  Halkin,  Trav.  Semin.  de  Geogr.  Univ.  de  Liige  No.  6,  p.  is.  Program  in  Bull.  Soc.  Royale  Beige  de  Ceogr., 
Vol.  22,  1898,  pp.  290-294. 

**'  No.  s:   L'enseignement  de  la  geographic:   Globes,  disques  globulaires  et  reliefs,  Brussels,  1902. 

"•  For  a  brief  sketch  of  this  development  see  the  first  part  of  H.  Blink:  De  tragedie  van  het  hooger  onderwijs 
in  de  aardrijkskunde  in  Nederland,  Vragen  van  den  Dag,  Vol.  34,  1919.  PP-  801-814,  Amsterdam.  On  geography 
in  the  universities  see  also  W.  E.  Boerman:  Hooger  onderwijs  in  de  aardrijkskunde  en  de  opleiding  van  geogra- 
fen,  with  postscript  by  H.  Blink,  Tijdschr.  Econ.  Geogr.,  Vol.  10,  1919.  PP-  iS7-i6o,  and  H.  Blink:  De  handels- 
faculteit  aan  de  Amsterdamsche  universiteit,  in  verband  met  de  aardrijkskunde  aan  die  faculteit,  ibid.,  pp. 
J3 1-337. 

"o  Died  in  1919.  For  a  biographical  notice  with  bibliography  see  J.  A.  C.  A.  Timmerman:  Cornelius  Marius 
Kan,  Tijdschr.  Kon.  Nederl.  Aardrijksk.  Genool.,  Vol.  36,  1919,  pp.  264-280. 

2"  E.  Dubois:   Hollands  duin  als  natuurlijke  zeewering  en  de  tijd,  ibid..  Vol.  33,  1916,  pp.  395-4IS- 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  461 

the  subject  in  the  secondary  schools,-^-  as  the  great  majority  of  prospective 
teachers  get  their  training  at  the  university.  A  movement  to  remedy  these 
conditions  is  under  way,  and  the  Ministry  of  Education,  Arts,  and  Sciences 
has  recently  addressed  letters  to  the  Councils  of  the  Royal  Netherlands 
Geographical  Society,  the  Economic  Geography  Association,  and  other 
interested  bodies,  asking  for  expressions  of  opinion.^^^  An  impro\'ement  in 
conditions  may  be  expected  to  result  from  these  steps. 

At  the  remaining  two  universities  of  the  Netherlands,  Leiden  and  Gro- 
ningen,  geography  is  only  represented  by  a  professorship  in  general  history 
and  political  geography  (J.  Huizinga)  at  Leiden,  and  the  ethnographic  work 
of  Professor  A.  W.  Nieuwenhuis,  of  the  same  institution,  mainly  in  New 
Guinea.  At  the  School  of  Commerce  (Handelshoogeschool)  of  Rotterdam, 
however,  modern  geography,  mainly  as  economic  geography,  forms  part  of 
the  curriculum.  Professor  J.  F.  Niermeyer  comes  from  Utrecht  to  give 
courses.  The  subject  is  there  also  taught  by  Dr.  H.  Blink,  who  came  into 
contact  with  the  German  school  as  a  student  of  Gerland.  Through  his  crea- 
tion in  1910  of  the  monthly  journal,  Tijdschrijt  voor  Economische  Geographic, 
which  owes  a  great  measure  of  its  value  to  his  indefatigable  pen,-^^  he  has 
done  much  to  advance  the  cause  of  geography  in  the  Netherlands.  Recently 
the  geographic  staff  at  Rotterdam  has  been  augmented  by  W.  E.  Boerman.^^^ 
The  work  of  Professor  J.  C.  van  Erde,  who  has  recently  published  a  helpful 
summary  of  the  ethnography  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies,"^  is  also  of  interest 
to  geographers.  At  the  Polytechnic  Institute  (Technische  Hoogeschool)  of 
Delft  the  work  of  the  geologists,  particularly  that  of  a  general  nature  on  the 
Dutch  East  Indies,  is  of  geographical  bearing.  To  Professor  G.  A.  F. 
Molengraaf  we  owe  a  valuable  summary  of  present  knowledge  of  the  structure 
of  the  East  Indian  Archipelago, 2"  to  which  a  paper  on  the  present  status  of 
hydrographic  surveys-^^  is  a  helpful  corollary.  Professor  H.  A.  Brouwer,  who 
is  at  present  exchange  professor  at  the  University  of  Michigan  and  who 
addressed  the  joint  meeting  of  the  Association  of  American  Geographers  and 
the  American  Geographical  Society  this  spring,  has  recently  published  some 
results  of  his  IQ15  expedition  to  the  Moluccas. ^'^  Of  other  work  may  be  men- 

2»2  See  for  example  P.  Goedhart:  Economische  geographie  en  het  onderwijs  in  aardrijkskunde,  Ttjdschr.  Econ. 
Geogr.,  Vol.  11,  1920,  pp.  29-31. 

2"  Letter  from  the  Ministry, dated  Feb.  24,  1920,  and  reply  of  Economic  Geography  Association  in  Ttjdschr. 
Econ.  Geogr..  Vol.  11,  1920,  pp.  441-444.  See  also  Ttjdschr.  Kon.  Nederl.  Aardrijksk.  Genool.,  Vol.  38.  1921,  PP- 
313-314  and  462.   For  later  developments,  see  Ttjdschr.  Econ.  Geogr.,  Vol.  12,  1921,  pp.  112  and  188. 

2*'  Cf.  in  Ttjdschr.  Econ.  Geogr.  regional  economic  geographies  of  the  Dutch  provinces  of  Drenlhe  and  Lini- 
burg  (Vol.  10,  1919,  Nos.  2-3  and  6-7)  and  foreign  countries  of  economic  interest,  e.g.  China  and  Japan  (Vol. 
12,  1921,  No.  8-9;  Vol.  13,  1922,  No.  i).  Cf.  also  interesting  paper  on  economic  regions:  Rcgionale  geographie, 
natuurlijke  landschappen  en  economisch-geografische  landschappen  (Vol.  11,  192Q,  pp.  275-284). 

2»'  Cf.  his  inaugural  address:  Economische  aardrijkskunde,  Ttjdschr.  Econ.  Geogr. ,Vo\.  11,  1920,  pp.  411-420. 

2"  Inleiding  tot  de  volkenkunde  van  Nederlandsch-Indie,  Haarlem,  1920. 

2"  Modern  Deep-Sca  Research  in  the  East  Indian  Archipelago, Geogr.  Journ.,  Vol.  S7.  1921.  PP-  9S-121.  with 
bathymetrical  map,  1:10,000,000. 

a»  C.  Crandijk:  Het  werk  der  nederl.  opnemingsvaartuigen  in  den  Oost-Indischen  Archipcl,  191S-1920. 
Ttjdschr.  Kon.  Nederl.  Aardrijksk.  Genoot.,  Vol.  37.  1920,  pp.  112-114.  with  map,  i  :  10.000,000.  (One  of  a 
series  of  quinquennial  summaries  which  have  appeared  in  the  Ttjdschr.  in  1904,  1910,  19 'S.) 

2»»  Geologische  verkenningen  in  de  oostlijke  Molukken,  Verhand.  Geol.-Mijnbouwk.  Genool.  voor  Nederland  en 
Kolonien:  Geol.  Ser.,  Vol.  3,  1916,  pp.  31-SS;  On  the  Tectonics  of  the  Eastern  Moluccas,  Ptoc.  Royal  Acad.  Sci. 
Amslerdam,  Vol.  19,  pp.  242-248,  March,  1917. 


462  THE  GEOGILVPHICAL  REVIEW 

tioned:  in  tlie  held  of  human  geography-,  a  discussion  of  population  centers 
in  the  Netherlands  from  the  Roman  period  to  1920  by  J.  C.  Ramaer,^*"  two 
studies  of  the  growth  of  a  rural  town  into  an  industrial  city,-*'  and  an  illu- 
minating discussion  of  East  Friesland,^^^  that  northwesternmost  corner  of 
Germany,  which  is  by  its  nature,  history,  and  population  so  closely  related 
to  its  Dutch  counterpart;  and,  in  the  field  of  historical  geography,  the  work 
of  Dr.  F.  C.  Wieder,  known  to  us  for  his  contribution^'"  to  I.  N.  Phelps 
Stokes's  "The  Iconography  of  Manhattan  Island,"  on  the  Dutch  aspect  of 
the  early  exploration  and  cartography  of  Spitsbergen. 2"  Among  institutions 
that  promote  interchange  of  ideas,  reference  may  also  be  made  to  the 
Geographische  Kring,-**  or  circle  of  geographers,  and  the  geographical  excur- 
sions,"^ the  thirteenth  of  which  was  held  in  July,  192 1,  under  the  direction  of 
Professor  J.  van  Baren  of  the  geological  department  of  the  Agricultural 
College  of  Wageningen. 

Switzerland 

The  universities  of  Switzerland  of  course  reflect  the  essential  bi-lingualism 
of  the  country.  There  are  seven  universities,  but  although  the  French- 
speaking  inhabitants  number  about  20  per  cent  and  the  Germans  70  per  cent 
of  the  whole  population,  each  nationality  may  be  said  to  maintain  three 
and  a  half  universities  (Fribourg  is  bilingual).  At  all  geography  is  repre- 
sented. Each  group  draws  its  inspiration  from,  and  belongs  to  the  school 
of  thought  of,  the  country  whose  language  it  speaks.  At  the  University 
of  Fribourg  Professor  Paul  Girardin,  a  pupil  of  Vidal  de  la  Blache,  in  addition 
to  doing  ph}'siographic  work  has  written  an  excellent  account  of  Fribourg 
as  a  study  in  city  geography .^^^  Like  Luxemburg,  in  the  principality  of 
that  name,  which  also  deserves  monographic  treatment,  Fribourg,  with  an 
upper  town  on  the  plateau  top  and  a  lower  town  in  the  valley  bottom  of 
the  entrenched  meanders  of  the  river  on  which  it  lies,  lends  itself  admirably 
to  such  a  discussion.  At  the  University  of  Lausanne  Professor  C.  Blermann 
likewise  does  distinctive  work  in  city  geography,  having  written  an  excellent 
study  of  Lausanne-"*^  and  its  hinterland,^^^  besides  discussing  Swiss  cities 

^o  De  middelpunten  van  bewoning  in  Nederland  voorheen  en  thans,  Tijdschr.  Kon.  Nederl.  Aardrijksk- 
Genoot.,  Vol.  38,  1921,  pp.  1-38  and  174-215,  with  four  maps  showing  status  in  1795,  1840,  1880,  and  1920. 

"'  H.  Blink:  Eindhoven  als  economisch  centrum,  Tijdschr.  Econ.  Geogr.,  Vol.  11,  1920,  pp.  307-313;  H.  van 
Velthoven:  De  ligging  en  uitbreiding  van  Eindhoven,  Tijdschr.  Kon.  Nederl.  Aardrijksk.  Genoot.,  Vol.  38,  1921, 
PP-  397-399.  with  map,  1:20,000,  showing  growth  since  1S51. 

2«  H.  J.  Moerman:   Oostfriesland,  Tijdschr.  Kon.  Nederl.  Aardrijksk.  Genoot.,  Vol.  38,  1921,  pp.  665-688. 

"*  Cf.  also  his:  Onderzoek  naar  de  cudste  kaarten  van  de  omgeving  van  New  York,  ibid..  Vol.  35,  1918,  pp. 
235-260. 

•"  F.  C.  Wieder:  The  Dutch  Discovery  and  Mapping  of  Spitsbergen  (1596-1829).  Published  by  the  Nether- 
lands Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  the  Royal  Dutch  Geographical  Society,  Amsterdam,  1919. 

M'>  Tijdschr.  Kon.  Nederl.  Aardrijksk.  Genoot.,  Vol.  36,  1919.  pp.  217-219;  Vol.  37,  1920,  pp.  254-255;  Vol. 
38.  1921,  pp.  313-314. 

**«  Twelfth,  ibid..  Vol.  36,  1919,  pp.  SSI-S58;  Thirteenth,  ibid..  Vol.  38,  1921,  PP-  746-749- 

"'Fribourg  et  son  site  geographique:  Etude  de  geographic  urbaine.  Bull.  Soc.  Neuchdteloise  de  Geogr., 
Vol-  20,  1909-10,  pp.  117-128. 

"'Situation  et  site  de  Lausanne:  fitudes  de  geographie  urbaine,  ibid.,  Vol.  25,  1916,  pp.  122-149  (abstracted 
in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  6,  1918,  p.  285). 

"'  Le  Jorat,  ibid..  Vol.  20,  1909-10,  pp.  5-1 16. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  463 

in  generaL^^**  He  has  also  made  a  study  of  translmmance  in  Valais,  the  upper 
Rhone  valley,-*^  and  of  the  geographical  basis  of  civilizations.-^-  Professor 
Maurice  Lugeon,  the  well-known  geologist  of  the  Alps,  is  also  a  member  of 
the  faculty  at  Lausanne.  His  pupil,  Professor  Emile  Argand  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Neuchatel,  has  recently  published  a  standard  synthesis  of  our  present 
knowledge  of  the  structure  of  the  Western  Alps.^^^  Swiss  geography  has 
sustained  a  great  loss  in  the  death  of  Professor  Charles  Knapp  in  August, 
1921.-^'*  Professor  Knapp  occupied  the  chair  of  geography  at  the  University 
of  Neuchatel.  He  was  an  indefatigable  worker.  He  founded  the  Geograph- 
ical Society  of  Neuchatel  and  made  its  Bulletin  a  scientific  force.  He  edited, 
with  G.  Michel,  the  series  of  maps  entitled  Documents  Carlo graphiques  de 
Geograpliie  Economique  in  which  many  valuable  maps  appeared ;  likewise  a 
monumental  geographical  dictionary  of  Switzerland.^^^  At  the  University  of 
Geneva  physical  geography  is  represented  by  Professor  Emile  Chaix;  he  is  at 
present  annually  engaged  in  the  study  of  the  Swiss  National  Park  in  the  En- 
gadine,  with  his  son  Dr.  Andre  Chaix,  who  is  instructor  of  geography  at  the 
university.  Political  geography  is  represented  by  Professor  William  Rosier. 
At  the  University  of  Berne,  where  the  department  was  created  and 
organized  by  Professor  Bruckner,  now  of  Vienna,  Professor  R.  Zeller  has 
recently  replaced  Dr.  Hermann  Walser,  who  died  in  1919.-^®  Among  his 
contributions  to  local  geography,  which  are  characterized  by  much  insight, 
may  be  mentioned  a  study  of  villages  in  the  Swiss  Foreland  in  the  canton 
Berne.2^^  He  also  wrote  an  explanation  of  the  admirable  wall  map  of 
Switzerland  in  i  :  200,000  which  was  prepared  under  government  auspices.'^^ 
Dr.  Fritz  Nussbaum,  instructor  in  geography  at  Berne,  has  worked  in 
Swiss  physiography^^^  as  well  as  human  geography.^"  At  the  University 
of  Basel  Professor  Hugo  Hassinger,  formerly  of  Vienna  and  editor  of  the 
recently  discontinued  Austrian  journal,  Deutsche  Rundschau  fiir  Geographic 
und  Statistik,  occupies  the  chair  of  geography .^^  His  work  has  dealt  mainly 
with  Austrian  lands.^®^    At  the  University  of  Zurich  Dr.  H.  J.  Wehrli  is 

*^''  Geographic  des  villes  suisses,  446  Annuaire  Soc.  Suisse  de  I'Enseignement  Secondaire,  pp.  151-177. 

*5'  Le  Valais,  Revue  Alpine:  Section  Lyonnaise,  Vol.  14,  1908,  pp.  261-285. 

"2  Le  cadre  geographique  des  civilisations,  Atli  del  X  Congr.  Inlernaz.  di  Ceogr.  Roma  1913,  Rome,  191s,  pp. 
1047-1072. 

2i'Sur  Tare  des  Alpes  occidentales,  Eclogae  Geologicae  Helveliae,  Vol.  14,  No.  i,  Lausanne,  1916. 

^i*  For  biographical  appreciations  see  Bull.  Soc.  NeuchdleloisedeGiogr.,  Vol.  30,  192 1,  pp.  s-i2{byC.Bicrmann), 
Ann.  de  Ceogr.,  Vol.  30,  1921,  p.  466  (by  C.  Biermann),and  La  Ciogr.,'Vo\.  36,  1921,  pp.  435-436  (by  V.  Girardin). 

256  Dictionnaire  geographique  de  la  Suisse,  6  vols,  and  atlas,  Neuchatel,  1902-10  (there  is  also  a  German 
edition). 

268  For  biographical  notice  see  Rudolf  Zeller:  Hermann  Walser,  Pctermanns  Mitt.,  Vol.  65,  1919,  p.  65. 

2"  Dorfer  und  Einzelhofe  zwischen  Jura  und  Alpen,  46  pp.,  Neujahrs-Blalt  Lilt.  Cesell.  Bern  auf  das  Jahr 
iQOi,  Berne,  1900. 

"8  Die  Schweiz:  Ein  Begleitwort  zur  eidgenossischen  Schulwandkarte,  3rd  edit.,  Berne,  about  1907  (French 
translation  by  C.  Biermann,  Berne,  1909). 

2"  Die  Tiiler  der  Schweizeralpen:  Eine  geographische  Studie,  116  pp.,  Berne,  1910. 

2"'  Die  Volksdichte  des  Kantons  Bern,  nebst  Bemerkungen  Uber  die  Darstellung  der  Volksdiclite  in  der 
Schweiz,  Milt.  N aturforschenden  Cesell.  Bern,  1919. 

2"  Cf.  his  inaugural  address:  Uber  einige  Aufgaben  geographisclier  Forschung  und  Lchrc,  Kartogr.  und 
Schulgeogr.  Zeilschr.,  Vol.  8,  1919,  pp.  65-76,  Vienna. 

2«2  E.g.  Die  mahrische  Pforte  und  ihre  benachbarten  Landschaften,  313  pp.,  map  in  I  :  750,000,  Ablmndl. 
Ceogr.  Cesell.  Wien,  Vol.  11,  No.  2,  1914;  Bemerkungen  Uber  die  SUdostgrenze  des  deutschen  Sicdlungsgcbictcs, 
Ceogr.  Zcitschr.,  Vol.  25,  1919,  pp.  215-219. 


464  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 

prolcssor  of  geography.  He  contributed  the  section  on  India  and  Farther 
India  to  Karl  Andree's  "Geographie  des  Welthandels."-"  Dr.  A.  de  Quervain, 
known  for  his  crossing  of  Greenland,  is  instructor  in  geography  and  meteor- 
olog>'.  Mention  should  be  made  of  Professor  F.  Becker,  professor  of  cartog- 
raphy at  the  Zuricli  Polytechnic  Institute,  as  representative  of  the  Swiss 
school  of  cartography ,'■*•  of  whose  plastic  representation  of  relief  by  means 
of  natural  colors  and  shadows  the  firm  of  Kiimmerly  and  Frey  of  Berne, 
publishers  of  the  school  wall  map  referred  to  above  and  many  other  maps, 
are  possibly  the  best  exponents.  In  the  way  of  maps  Switzerland  has  a 
valuable  collection  in  the  Mus6e  Cartographique  of  Geneva,  which  contains, 
besides  others,  all  the  maps  drawn  for  Elisoe  Reclus'  "Nouvelle  Geographie 
Universelle"  by  Charles  Perron.  An  excellent  relief  model  of  Switzerland 
by  Perron  is  in  the  foyer  of  the  University  of  Geneva,  and  large-scale 
models  of  the  Bernese  Oberland  and  other  mountain  groups,  as  well  as  a 
series  of  maps  illustrating  the  development  of  the  cartography  of  the  Alps, 
are  in  the  Alpine  Museum  in  Berne.-^^ 

Austria 

Austria,  like  German  Switzerland,  forms  part  of  the  German-speaking 
world  of  thought.  With  the  universities  political  barriers  have  not  counted : 
Germany,  German  Switzerland,  and  Austria  have  been  a  unit  and  their 
professorships  have  been  interchangeable.  Among  geographers  who  have 
crossed  the  boundaries  are  Professor  Penck  of  Berlin,  long  at  Vienna 
(1885-1906);  Professor  Bruckner  of  Vienna,  who  built  up  the  department 
at  Berne  (1888-1904)  and  then  went  for  a  short  time  to  Halle  (1904-06); 
Professor  Philippson  of  Bonn,  who  w^as  for  a  short  time  in  Berne  (1904-06) ; 
Professor  Friederichsen  of  Konigsberg,  who  succeeded  Professor  Philippson 
at  Berne  for  two  years  (1907-09);  Professor  Gustav  Braun  of  Greifswald, 
who  during  part  of  the  war  was  serving  in  the  German  army  while  professor 
at  the  Swiss  University  of  Basel;  and,  among  recent  appointees.  Professor 
Hassinger  of  Basel,  who  went  there  from  Vienna,  and  Professor  Krebs,  who 
went  from  Vienna  to  Wiirzburg  and  then  to  his  present  chair  at  Freiburg. 
This  relation  to  the  German  world,  possibly  more  intimate  since  the  cessation 
of  Austria's  orientation  toward  southeastern  Europe,  should  obviously  be 
borne  in  mind  in  any  consideration  of  science  in  Austria. 

Austria  now  has  three  universities,  Vienna,  Graz,  and  Innsbruck.  At  all 
geography  is  represented.  At  Vienna  there  are  two  professorships,  occupied 
by  Professor  Eduard  Bruckner,  author  of  the  theory  of  climatic  periodicity 
which  bears  his  name  and,  with  Penck,  investigator  of  the  glacial  epoch  in 

»*  Vorder-  und  Hinter-Indien,  pp.  513-673  in  "Karl  Andrees  Geographie  des  Welthandels,"  Vol.  2,  Frankfort, 
1912. 

»*  Some  of  the  phases  of  its  development,  especially  of  topographic  mapping,  are  sketched  in  F.  Becker: 
Die  schweizerische  Kartographie  im  Jahre  1914  (Landesausstellung  in  Bern):  Wesen  und  Aufgaben  einer 
Landesaufnahme,  87  pp.,  Schweiz.  Zeilschr.  fur  Arlillerie  und  Genie,  Frauenfeld,  ipiS- 

**  Cf.  R.  Zeller:  Ein  Rundgang  durch  das  Schweizerische  Alpine  Museum  in  Bern,  36  pp.,  3rd  edit.,  Berne, 
1913. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  465 

the  Alps,  and  by  Professor  Eugen  Oberhummer,  who  has  speciaHzed  in 
historical  geography.    Professor  Oberhummer  is  president  and  Professor 
Bruckner  is  one  of  the  vice-presidents  of  the  Vienna  Geographical  Society, 
which,  through  its  contact  with  academic  circles,  has  maintained  a  high 
standard.    In  November,  1916,  the  Society  celebrated  its  sixtieth  anniver- 
sary.  On  this  occasion  Professor  Bruckner  discussed  the  Society's  activities 
and  the  progress  of  geography  in  Austria  during  the  preceding  ten  years.-®" 
Among  his  recent  publications  is  a  paper,  partly  based  on  the  obser\^ations 
made    during    the    American    Geographical    Society's    Transcontinental 
Excursion  of  1912,  on  the  Great  Lakes  and  their  commercial  importance.-®'^ 
Professor  Oberhummer  published  in   191 7  a  valuable  work  on  the  racial 
origin  and  historical  development  of   the  Turks,^®^   and   another  on   the 
peoples  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula.^®^    Recently,  for  the  fourth  centenary  of 
Magellan's  circumnavigation  he  wrote  a  critical  account  of  the  voyage, 
with  maps  of  the  route  of  the  fleet  through  the  Strait  of  Magellan  and 
the  East  Indian  archipelago.^^''  Geography  is  further  represented  at  Vienna 
by  Dr.  Erwin  Hanslik  and  Dr.  Otto  Lehmann.    Dr.  Hanslik  is  known  for 
his  studies,  important  as  to  geographic  method,  of  the  contact  between  Slav 
and  Teutonic  civilizations,  one  of  which  deals  with  the  Gernian  city  of  Biala 
in  Galicia.-^^    Dr.  Lehmann  specializes  in  physiography.    Among  his  recent 
papers  are  a  study  of  the  Plateau  of  Langres,^^^  ^\^q  margin  of  the  Paris 
Basin    overlooking   the   Sa6ne   depression,    observ^ations   for  which   were 
made  on  Professor  Davis'  excursion  in  France  early  in  1912,  and  a  discussion 
of  river  sources.^'^^    Among  other  members  of  the  Vienna  faculty  whose 
work  has  geographical  bearing  may  be  mentioned  the  ethnographer  Professor 
Michael  Haberlandt,  who  has  recently  published  a  book  on  the  peoples  of 
Europe  and  the  Orient,"^  and  Dr.  Hans  Mzik,  who  contributes  a  definition 
of  the  Orient."^ 

At  Graz  the  chair  of  geography  is  occupied  by  Professor  Robert  Sieger, 
joint  editor  with  Professor  Franz  Heiderich,  of  the  School  of  World  Com- 
merce of  Vienna,  of  the  excellent  re-creation  of  Karl  Andree's  "Geographic 
des  Welthandels,"  to  the  final  fourth  volume  of  which  he  has  contributed 

2M  Die  k.  k.  Geogr.  Gesellschaft  und  die  Entwicklung  der  Geographic  in  Osterreich  in  den  letzten  10  Jahren. 
Mitt.  k.  k.  Geogr.  Cesell.  Wien,  Vol.  60,  ign,  pp.  9-28. 

2"  Die  Grossen  Seen  Nordamerikas  und  ihre  Bedeutung  fur  den  Verkelir,  ibid..  Vol.  61,  1918,  pp.  361-406, 

2«8Die  Tiirken  und  das  Osmanische  Reich,  115  pp.,  Leipzig,  1917  (somewhat  expanded  from  original  publi- 
cation in  Geogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  22,  1916,  pp.  65-87.  612-632,  Vol.  23.  I9I7.  PP-  78  ff.  and  133  ff.). 

2"  Die  BalkanvcSIker,  VorlrUge  des  Vereins  zur  Verbreilung  naturiviss.  Kenntnisse  in  Wien,  Vol.  57,  1917. 
pp.  263-332. 

!;o  Ferdinand  Magellan  und  die  Bedeutung  der  ersten  Erdumsegelung,  Mitt.  Geogr.  Gesell.  U'ien,  Vol.  64, 
1921,  pp.  18-48. 

"'  Biala,  eine  deutsche  Stadt  in  Galizien:  Geographische  Untersuchung  des  Stadtproblems,  264  pp., 
Vienna,  1909. 

"2  "Das  Plateau  von  Langres"  und  die  Hochflache  mit  der  Festung  Langres,  Mitt.  k.  k.  Geogr.  Gesell.  U'ini, 
Vol.  s8,  1915.  PP-  431-452. 

"'  ijber  Fluss-  und  BachursprUnge  in  den  RQckenlandschaften  des  fcucht-Remassigtcn  Klinias,  ibid.. 
Vol   61,  1918,  pp.  113-142. 

"'  Die  Vcilker  Europas  und  des  Orients.  273  pp.,  Leipzig,  1920. 

"» Was  ist  Orient?  Eine  Untersuchung  auf  dem  Gebiete  der  politischcn  Geographic,  Mill.  k.  k.  Geogr. 
Gesell.  Wien,  Vol.  6r,  1918,  pp.  191-208. 


4tX)  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 

a  sunmiarizing  section  on  the  classification  of  the  economic  regions  of  the 
world.'"*  Recent  of  his  writings  in  political  geography  deal  with  the  relation 
between  a  state  and  its  territory,-"^  the  state  as  an  economic  organism .^^^ 
the  geographical  basis  of  the  fonner  Austria-Hungary .^'^^  and  the  broader 
geographical  aspects  of  the  ditTerence  in  gauge  of  raihvay  systems  over 
the  world  and  their  influence  on  economic  conditions.^^°  Professor  Heiderich 
has  recently  written  on  economic  geography  in  general-^'  and  on  the  economic 
geography  of  Austria-Hungar>'.-*- 

At  Innsbruck  Professor  Johann  Soldi  occupies  the  chair  of  geography 
as  successor  to  Professor  Franz  von  VVieser,  the  eminent  historian  of  cartog- 
raphy, who,  at  70,  had  recently  reached  the  retiring  age  at  Austrian  uni- 
versities. Dr.  Richard  Marek,  director  of  the  Academy  of  Commerce  in 
Innsbruck  is  also  connected  with  the  university.  Professor  Solch  contributed 
two  papers  to  Professor  Hettner's  series  on  the  war  areas,^*'  one  on  Rumania 
and  one  on  Transylvania,  and  has  recently  published  a  geographical  account 
of  a  pre- Alpine  hill  district  between  Mur  and  Drave  on  the  German-Slovene 
contact  zone.-^  Dr.  IMarek  wTote  a  series  of  articles  on  the  economic  geog- 
raphy of  southeastern  Europe  and  Asia  Minor  and  the  commercial  relations 
of  these  regions  with  Central  Europe.-*^ 

The  death  of  Professor  Julius  von  Hann,28«  the  eminent  climatologist, 
in  October,  1921,  is  a  world  loss  to  science.  Only  at  the  beginning  of  the 
year,  at  the  age  83,  did  he  turn  over  to  younger  hands  the  editorship  of 
the  Meteorologische  Zeitschrift,  which  he  had  guided  for  fifty-five  years. 

Austrian  War  Work  in  Geography 

Like  Germany,  although  on  a  smaller  scale,  Austria  undertook  the 
scientific  investigation  of  the  lands  she  occupied  during  the  w^ar.  For  the 
study  of  the  portion  of  Russian  Poland  which  w^as  under  Austrian  adminis- 
tration— the  section  lying  south  of  5i>^°  N.,  except  for  a  strip  along  the 

="  Die  wirtschaftsgeographische  Einteilung  der  Erde,  pp.  3-128  in  Karl  Andree's  "Geographie  des  Welt- 
bandels,"  Vol.  4,  Vienna,  1921. 

"' Staatsgebiet  und  Staatsgedanke,  Milt.  Ceogr.  Gesell.  Wien,  Vol.  62,  1919.  PP-  3-17. 

»"  Die  Nation  als  Wirtschaftskorper,  in  Festschrift  ExJuard  Hahn  zum  60.  Geburtstag,  Stuttgart,  1917. 

*'•  Die  geographischen  Grundlagen  der  osterreichisch-ungarischen  Monarchie  und  ihrer  Aussenpolitik, 
Ceogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  21,  1915,  pp.  1-22,  83-103,  121-131. 

280  W'egbahn  und  Spur,  Mitt.  k.  k.  Geogr.  Gesell.  Wien,  Vol.  59,  1916,  pp.  362-404,  with  map  of  the  world  in 
Eckert's  projection,  i  :  90,000,000,  showing  gauges  of  railroad  systems. 

!8i  Wirtschaftsgeographie,  in  Festschrift  der  k.  k.  Exportakademie,  Vienna,  191 7,  abridged  in  Mitt.  k.  k. 
Geogr.  Gesell.  Wien,  Vol.  60,  1917,  pp.  223-228. 

J82  Die  weltpolitische  und  weltwirtschaftliche  Zukunft  von  Osterreich-Ungam,  ibid..  Vol.  59i  1916,  pp.  73-105 
and  137-169;  Die  Grundlagen  der  Agrarwirtschaft  Osterreichs,  ibid.,  pp.  727-735- 

'"Der  siebenbiirgische  Kriegsschauplatz,  Geogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  23,  1917,  p.  257  flf.;  Der  rumanische  Krieg?- 
schauplatz,  ibid.,  p.  409  £f. 

!M  Die  Windischen  Biihel,  Mitt.  Geogr.  Gesell.  Wien,  Vol.  62,  1919,  pp.  220-226  and  241-276. 

2S5  Siidost-Europa  und  Vorder  Asien:  Wirtschaftsleben  und  Handelsbeziehungen  besonders  mit  dem 
Deutschen  Reiche  und  der  osterreichisch-ungarischen  Monarchie,  Geogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  22,  1916,  pp.  139-161 
(the  lands  on  the  lower  Danube),  441-458  (former  European  Turkey  and  Montenegro),  Sio-527  (Greece), 
Vol.  23,  1917,  p.  365  fif.  and  422  fif.  (Asiatic  Turkey). 

*8«  Obituaries  in  Meteorol.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  38,  1921,  pp.  321-327;  Geogr.  Rev.  (by  R.  DeC.  Ward),  Vol.  12,  1922, 
p.  312;  Ann.  de  Giogr.  (by  Angot),  Vol.  31,  1922,  pp.  yg-Si;  Ann.  Hydrogr.  und  Marit.  Meteorol.,  Vol.  11, 
1921,  pp.  337-338. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  467 

Silesian  border — ^^^a  Study  Commission  was  created  late  in  1916  and 
attached  to  the  Military  Government  of  Lublin,-^^  Its  program  was  mainly 
directed  to  detailed  studies  in  the  natural  sciences,  and  it  therefore  did  not 
produce  any  synthetic  geography  of  the  area  in  its  jurisdiction.  Indeed  this 
area  is  covered  in  the  Handbook  of  Poland  by  the  German  commission 
already  referred  to.  But  the  main  Austrian  field  of  work  was  the  western 
Balkan  Peninsula,  especially  Serbia,  Montenegro,  and  Albania.  Of  most 
of  this  region  adequate  topographic  maps  were  lacking,  and  the  Austrian 
army  engineers  undertook  its  survey .^^^  Before  the  war  ended  sheets  in 
I  :  50,000  had  been  completed  of  northern  Serbia,  western  Montenegro, 
and  central  Albania.  On  the  basis  of  this  mapping  Dr.  Ernst  Nowack, 
sometime  of  the  School  of  Mines  at  Leoben,  Styria,  carried  out  various 
geological  reconnaissances  in  1917-18.  In  addition  to  the  geolog>'2^°  and 
geomorphology,^^^  which  he  discussed  elsewhere,  he  has  described  the 
geograph}^-^-  of  this  region  for  readers  of  the  Review.  In  the  summer  of  191 6 
Dr.  Kerner  von  Marilaun  of  the  Geologische  Reichsanstalt  had  visited  the 
little-known  North  Albanian  Alps.^^^  Under  the  auspices  of  the  Vienna 
Geographical  Society  and  the  Academy  of  Sciences  a  geographical  and 
geological  expedition  was  sent  to  Serbia.  Professor  Krebs,  then  of  Vienna, 
the  geographer  of  the  expedition,  was  in  the  field  on  two  occasions  of  about 
five  weeks  in  1916,  mainly  in  northern  Serbia  and  the  Novibazar  region. 
He  wrote  several  reports,^^'*  mainly  on  economic  geography.  An  ethno- 
graphic expedition  under  the  auspices  of  the  Ministry  of  Education  and  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  was  undertaken  in  1916  by  Dr.  Arthur  Haberlandt, 
instructor  in  ethnography  at  the  University  of  Vienna,  in  southern  Serbia, 
Albania,  and  Montenegro.^^^  In  the  summer  of  191 7  a  general  infomiational 
trip  was  organized  by  the  Army  Press  Bureau  to  the  occupied  Balkan  lands. 
Professor  Oberhummer  was  a  member  of  the  party  that  went  to  Monte- 
negro and  Albania  and  has  given  us  a  geographical  account  of  that  trip.-'® 
A  consequence  of  the  war,  of  special  interest  to  geographers,  may  here 
be  noted.  Quite  a  number  of  the  scientific  staff  of  the  Military  Geographical 
Institute  of  Vienna,  the  excellent  surv^ey  office  of  Austria,  including  the 

2"  Cf.  J.  G.  Rothaug:  Verwaltungsgebiete  Osterreich-Ungarns  und  des  Deutschen  Reichs  in  Polen,  Karlogr. 
und  Schulgeogr.  Zeilschr.,  Vol.  $,  1916,  pp.  30-32,  with  map  in  I  :  2,000,000. 

'^ii  Karlogr.  und  Schulgeogr.  Zeilschr.,  Vol.  6,  1917,  p.  56. 

28»  Hubert  Ginzl:  Aufgaben  und  Tatigkeit  der  Kriegsmappierung  auf  der  Balkanlialbinsel,  Mitt.  k.  k.  Geogr. 
Gesell.  Wien,  Vol.  61,  1918,  pp.  497-S13.  with  index  map,  I  :  1,450,000.  and  samples  of  topographic  sheets. 

""Die  geologische  Erschliessung  Albaniens  im  Kriege,  ibid..  Vol.  62,  1919.  PP-  211-219;  Die  GrundzUge 
der  Tektonik  Mittelalbaniens,  Centralblatt  filr  Mineralogie,  1920. 

"1  Morphogenetische  Studien  aus  Albanien,  Zeilschr.  Gesell.  filr  Erdkunde  zu  Berlin,  1920,  pp.  Sr-ii?- 

'"A  Contribution  to  the  Geography  of  Albania,  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11.  1921,  pp-  S03-S40. 

"*  Reisseeindrlicke  aus  den  nordalbanischen  Alpen,  Milt.  k.  k.  Geogr.  Gesell.  Wien,  Vol.  6r,  1918,  pp.  6S-74- 

'"  Vorlaufiger  Bericht  iiber  den  ersten  Toil  der  geographisch-geolog'schen  Studicnreise  nach  Serbien,  ibid.. 
Vol.  59,  1916,  pp.  609-614; — aber  den  zweitenTeil — ,ibid.,  pp.  673-678;  WirtschaftsKeoRraphisclie  Bcobach- 
tungen  auf  den  beiden  Studienreisen  nach  Serbien,  ibid..  Vol.  60,  1917.  PP-  161-216,  with  statistical  tables 
by  Dr.  Hermann  Leiter;  Zur  Vcrkehrsgeographie  Rasciens  (i.e.  the  former  sanjak  of  Novibazar],  Petermanns 
Mitt.,  Vol.  63,  1917,  pp.  265-269. 

"'  Berichte  tiber  die  ethnographischen  Arbeiten  im  Rahmen  der  historisch-cthnographisclien  Balkan- 
expedition,  Milt.  k.  k.  Geogr.  Gesell.  Wien,  Vol.  59,  1916,  pp.  736-742. 

"«  Montenegro  und  Albanien  unter  cisterrcichisch-ungarischer  Verwaltung,  ibid..  Vol.  61,  iQi8,  pp.  313-346. 


55974 


4oS  THE  GEOr.RAPHICAL  RICVIEW 

chief  of  the  technical  division,  Artur  von  Hiibl,  have  been  engaged  by  the 
BraziUan  government  for  two  years  to  co-ordinate  the  existing  surv^ey 
organizations  in  that  country  and  establish  a  single  organization  to  under- 
take the  unifonu  topographic  mapping  of  Brazil.-^''  The  Austrian  cartog- 
raphers reached  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  October,  1920. 

Denmark 

Geography  in  Denmark  has  suffered  a  serious  loss  by  the  death,  in  October, 
1920,  on  his  return  from  a  trip  to  Canada  and  the  United  States,  of  Professor 
H.  P.  Steensby,*^^  who  occupied  the  chair  of  geography  at  the  University 
of  Copenhagen  since  191 1.  An  all-round  modern  geographer  in  all  that  that 
term  implies,  he  had  developed  the  geography  department  at  Copenhagen, 
the  only  one  in  Denmark,  to  a  high  state  of  efficiency.  Fortunately  he  has 
left  us  an  outline  of  his  views  in  a  book  entitled  "Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  Geography  at  the  University  of  Copenhagen, "^^^  which  would  prove  a 
valuable  guide  to  the  student  of  geography  in  any  country.  In  it  he  dis- 
cusses such  topics  as  the  method  of  geography  and  the  solution  of  geographi- 
cal problems  and  gives  a  history  of  the  growth  of  the  various  branches  of 
the  science  and  an  outline  of  the  development  of  geography  as  a  university 
subject.  He  concludes  with  a  systematic  survey  of  landforms  and  their 
modifying  agencies,  including  a  characterization  of  the  humid,  glacial,  and 
arid  cycles  of  erosion.  With  Professor  Steensby's  work  on  Eskimo  culture 
geography'**"  and  on  the  early  Norse  voyages  to  America'"^  readers  of  the 
Review  are  already  familiar. 

As  successor  to  Professor  Steensby  Dr.  Martin  Vahl  was  appointed  in 
August,  192 1.  Professor  Vahl's  work  has  been  mainly  in  plant  geography: 
he  collaborated  with  Warming  in  the  preparation  of  his  well-known  manual 
of  ecology  and  some  years  ago  investigated  the  question  of  life  zones  from 
the  phytogeographical  standpoint.'''^  He  has  recently  published  a  generalized 
map  of  the  vegetation  regions  of  South  America  based  on  climate. '°^ 

Of  other  recent  results  of  geographical  work  in  Denmark  may  be  men- 
tioned a  comprehensive  geographical  handbook  of  Denmark'"*  by  numerous 
authors  under  the  editorship  of  Daniel  Bruun,  historian  of  the  early  Xorse 

•"  Einrichtung  eines  militargeographischen  Instituts  in  Brasilien  durch  osterreichische  Militargeographen, 
Karlogr.  und  Schulgeogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  9,  1921,  p.  16. 

"'  See  obituary  notices  in  Ceografisk  Tidskrift,  Vol.  25,  1919-20,  pp.  262-263,  and  Meddelelser  om  Gr0nland. 
Vol.  37,  pp.  i-ii,  1921. 

=»»  Inledning  til  det  geografiske  Studium  ved  K0benhavns  Universitet,  190  pp.,  Copenhagen,  1920. 

*""  An  Anthropogeographical  Study  of  the  Origin  of  the  Eskimo  Culture,  Meddelelser  om  Grpnland,  Vol  53. 
pp.  39-228,  1917  (cf.  Clark  Wissler  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  9,  1920,  pp.  125-138). 

»oi  Norsemen's  Route  from  Greenland  to  Wineland,  Meddelelser  om  Cr0nland,  Vol.  56,  pp.  149-202,  1917; 
also  reprinted  as  separate  book,  109  pp.,  Copenhagen,  1918. 

•"^  Zones  et  biochores  geographiques,  Overysigl  Kong.  DanskeVidensk.  Selsk.  Forhdl.,  1911,  No.  s  (=  pp.  269- 
317). 

loJVegetationskort  over  Sydamerika,  Ceografisk  Tidskrifi,  Vol.  25,  1919-20,  pp.  197-204,  with  map  in 
I  :  60,000,000. 

"*  Danmark:  Land  og  Folk:  Historisk-topografisk-statistisk  Haandbog.  Edited  by  Daniel  Bruun  with  the 
collaboration  of  a  number  of  specialists.  2  vols.  (Vol.  i,  663  pp.;  Vol.  2,  429  pp.),  Coi)enhagen,  1919.  (Professor 
Steensby's  contribution,  "Danmarks  Natur,"  is  noticed  in  the  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  12,  1922,  p.  327.) 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  469 

settlement  in  Greenland  under  Eric  the  Red;'"^  a  new  edition  of  a  German 
translation^'*®  of  Warming's  manual  of  ecology;  and  an  anthropogeographical 
study  of  Farther  India.'**^  In  the  pre-eminently  Norse  field  of  Arctic  geog- 
raphy, an  invaluable  summary  of  the  geography  of  Greenland,"'^  with 
atlas,  has  just  appeared  in  the  Meddelelser  oni  Grpnland,  in  commemoration 
of  the  bi-centenary  of  the  landing  of  Hans  Egede,  the  "apostle  of  Greenland," 
and  Knud  Rasmussen  has  given  us  a  general  account  of  the  results  of  his 
Second  Thule  Expedition  in  1916-18,^"^  while  outlining  the  plans  for  his 
fifth  expedition.^'''  Lauge  Koch,  geologist  of  the  Rasmussen  expeditions, 
in  a  recent  paper^"  suggests  structural  continuity  between  the  ancient 
Caledonian  mountain  system  (Scotland  and  Nor\vay)  and  western  Spits- 
bergen, northern  Greenland,  and  northeastern  Ellesmere  Island.  The 
career  of  the  veteran  geographer  of  Iceland,  Thorvald  Thoroddsen,  who 
died  in  September,  192 1,^'^  was  closed  with  the  publication  of  an  account 
of  his  island  home  and  its  people, *''  a  Danish  version  of  the  Icelandic 
original. 

Norway 

The  foremost  advances  in  geography  in  Norway  center,  of  course,  around 
the  name  of  Nansen.  In  his  scientific  capacity  Dr.  Nansen  is  professor  of 
oceanography  at  the  University  of  Christiania.  Among  his  recent  publica- 
tions are  a  paper  and  book  on  his  cruise  to  Spitsbergen  in  I9I2'''*  from  whose 
results  he  makes  deductions  as  to  the  tidal  wave  in  the  North  Polar  Basin 
and  the  extension  and  shape  of  the  basin,  and  a  preliminary  but  fundamental 
study  (with  Professor  Helland-Hansen  of  the  Bergen  Geophysical  Institute)  of 
the  temperature  variation  in  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean  and  in  the  atmosphere 
as  a  basis  for  the  investigation  of  the  cause  of  climatological  variations.^'* 

'95  Erik  den  R0de  og  Nordbokolonierne  i  Gr0nland,  Copenhagen,  1915  (reviewed  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  s. 
t9i8,  p.  254.) 

»"«Eugen  Warming's  Lehrbuch  der  okologischen  Pflanzengeographie,  von  E.  Warming  and  P.  Graebner 
2nd  edition,  Berlin,  1918. 

'»'  Johannes  Reumert:  Nogle  Traek  af  Bagindiens  Anthropogeografi,  Geografisk  Tidskrifl,  Vol.  26,  1921-22. 
pp.  89-98  and  120-124. 

'»»  Gr0nland  i  Tohundredaaret  for  Hans  Egedes  Landing.  2  vols,  and  atlas  (Meddelelser  om  Cr0nland,  Vols. 
60  and  61  and  atlas),  Copenhagen,  1921.  The  text  contains  a  174-page  general  account  of  Greenland,  followed 
by  detailed  accounts  of  the  various  districts.  The  atlas  contains  general  maps  in  i  :  10,000,000  and  detailed  in 
I  :  1,000,000.   An  English  edition  of  the  work  in  3  vols,  is  in  preparation. 

«»»  Gr0nland  langs  Polhavet:  Udforskningen  af  Grjjnland  fra  Melvillebugten  til  Kap  Morris  Jesup,  Copen- 
hagen, 1919.  English  edition:  Greenland  by  the  Polar  Sea:  The  Story  of  the  Thule  Expedition  from  Melville 
Bay  to  Cape  Morris  Jesup,  New  York,  no  date  [1922?],  with  map  of  new  surveys  in  northern  Greenland 
I  :  2,500,000. 

""Den  V.Thule-Ekspedition:  Den  danske  Ekspedition  til  arktisk  Nordamerika  under  Ledclsc  af  Knud 
Rasmussen,  Geografisk  Tidskrift,  Vol.  26,  1921-22,  pp.  S7-6o. 

311  Stratigraphy  of  Northwest  Greenland,  Meddelelser  fra  Dansk  Geol.  Forening,  Vol.  S.  No.  17.  map  p.  73- 
text  p.  75. 

"2  See  obituary  notices  in  Geografisk  Tidskrijt,  Vol.  26,  1921-22,  p.  100,  and  this  number  of  the  Gtogr.  Ret: 

'"  Island:  Land  og  Folk,  translated  from  the  3rd  edition  of  the  Icelandic  orininal,  CopcnhaKcn,  1919- 

'i«  Spitsbergen  Waters:  Oceanographic  Observations  during  the  Cruise  of  tlic  "Veslcnioy"  to  Spitsbergen  in 
t9i2,  Krisliania  Videnskapsselskapcls  Skrifler:  I,  Mat.-Naturv.  Klasse,  191S.  No.  2,  Ij2  pp.  (reviewed  in  Geogr 
Rev.,  Vol.  3,  1917,  pp.  SOO-501);  En  ferd  til  Spitsbergen,  Christiania,  1920. 

'15  Temperatur-Schwankungen  des  Nordatlantischcn  Ozeans  und  in  der  AtmosphUre:  Einlcitende  Studicn 
Uber  die  Ursachen  der  klimatologisclien  Schwankungcn,  ihid.,  1916,  No.  9.  viii  and  34«  PP-  Translated  into 
English,  with  additions  by  the  authors  and  by  Dr.  C.  G.  Abbot,  the  solar  physicist,  as  Smithsonutii  Misc.  Colls. 
Vol.  70,  No.  4,  viii  and  408  pp.,  1920. 


470  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 

Geography  at  the  university  is  further  represented  by  two  instructor- 
ships,  one  in  physical  geography,  occupied  by  W,  Werenskiold,  known 
for  his  work  on  the  pliysiography  of  Norway,"^  the  other  in  poUtical  geog- 
raf)hy,  held  by  A.  Arstal.  Professor  H.  Mohn,  who  was  working  up  the 
meteorological  results  of  Amundsen's  Antarctic  expedition,-'"^  as  of  his 
previous  expeditions,  died  in  1916.^'*  Amundsen  himself  spent  the  winter 
of  1921-22  in  the  United  States,  completing,  with  Dr.  H.  U.  Sverdrup,  at 
the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington,  the  preparation  of  the  studies  in 
terrestrial  magnetism  to  be  made  on  his  proposed  drift  across  the  Polar 
Basin  in  the  Maud.  Of  the  first  part  of  this  trip  he  has  recently  published 
an  account.'^'  Among  other  publications  of  interest  may  be  mentioned  a 
map,  in  more  detail  than  is  usual,  of  Nicholas  II  Land  and  adjacent  islands 
north  of  Cape  Chelyuskin,  Siberia;^-"  a  report  on  the  surveys  made  in  1909- 
10  by  Gunnar  Isachsen  in  Spitsbergen;^-^  an  article  on  the  Lapp  reindeer 
herds  in  Nonvay  and  their  seasonal  migration  partly  within  Norway  and 
partly  across  the  Norwegian-Swedish  frontier;^-  a  geographical  study  of 
Christiania  by  Dr.  Hans  Reusch,^-^  director  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Non^'ay,  and  an  important  atlas  of  the  economic  geography  of  Norway .^^'* 

Sweden 

Modern  geography  is  in  a  high  state  of  development  in  Sweden.  A  rapid 
advance  has  taken  place  in  the  last  few  years,  for  which  an  active  group  of 
younger  men  is  in  no  small  measure  responsible.  The  older  established 
centers,  however,  are  active  also.  The  Swedish  Anthropological  and  Geo- 
graphical Society  of  Stockholm  in  1919  added  to  its  valuable  organ  Ymer, 
in  which  articles  of  general  interest  appear  in  Swedish,  a  scientific  quarterly 
of  international  scope  called  Geografiska  Annaler,  in  which  papers  are 
published  mainly  in  English,  French,  and  German.  Its  maintenance  is 
guaranteed  for  at  least  five  years  by  a  gift  of  100,000  crowns  which  was 
made  to  the  society  for  that  purpose.  In  addition  there  are  geographical 
associations,  of  a  more  professional  type  and  centering  around  the  staff  of 

"*  Cf.  e.g.  The  Surface  of  Central  Norway,  Memorial  Vol.  Transcontinental  Excursion  of  1912  of  the  Amer. 
Geogr.  See,  Xew  York,  1915,  pp.  357-365. 

"■  Kristiania  Videnskapsselskapets  Skrifler:  I,  Mal.-Nalurv.  Klasse,  1915,  No.  S  (reviewed  in  Geogr.  Rev., 
Vol.  2,  1916,  p.  484,  and  Vol.  6,  1918,  pp.  524-525),  and  1916,  No.  3. 

•"  See  obituary  notices  in  Monthly  Weather  Rev.,  Vol.  44,  1916,  p.  518,  and  Norske  Geogr.  Selskabs  Aarbok, 
Vol.  26-27,  1914-16,  pp.  vi-ix. 

*>' Nord-Ost  Passagen,  Copenhagen,  1921. 

•^0  Norske  Geogr.  Selskabs  Aarbok,  Vol.  26-27,  1914-16,  opp.  p.  28,  mean  scale,  I  :  4,000,000. 

*^  Gunnar  Isachsen:  Travaux  topographiques  de  I'Expedition  Isachsen,  1909-10,  Kristiania  Videnskaps- 
selskapets Skrtfter:  I,  Mat.-Naturv.  Klasse,  1915,  No.  7,  63  pp.,  with  map  i  :  200,000  (referred  to  on  pp.  216-218 
in  Charles  Rabot:  The  Norwegians  in  Spitsbergen,  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  8,  1919,  pp.  209-226,  an  article  which  is 
brought  down  to  date  by  M.  Rabot's  note  in  the  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  12,  1922,  pp.  303-304). 

*^  Kristian  Nissen:  Lapper  og  ren  i  Norge,  Norske  Geogr.  Selskabs  Aarbok,  Vol.  26-27, 1914-16,  pp.  45-110, 
with  map.  i  :  2,000,000. 

•^  Kristiania  geografi,  52  pp.,  Christiania,  1913,  with  two  maps  in  i  :  30,000  and  i  :  10,000. 

"*  Per  Nissen:  Okonomisk-geografisk  atlas  over  Norge  med  en  oversigt  over  de  kulturelle  og  okonomiske 
forhold  saerlig  naeringsveiene.  Utarbeidet  med  statsbidrag  under  medvirken  av  mange  fagmaend.  (Atlas  of 
the  economic  geography  of  Norway  with  a  survey  of  the  cultural  and  economic  relations  especially  to  trade. 
Compiled  with  government  support  and  with  the  collaboration  of  many  specialists.)  66  pp.  text  and  48  pp. 
maps,  Christiania,  1921. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  47 1 

the  geographical  departments,  at  the  three  university  towns  of  Gothenburg, 
Upsala,  and  Lund.  The  association  at  Gothenburg  issues  a  journal  at 
irregular  intervals  ;''^^  the  Geografiska  Foreningen  in  Lund  was  founded  in 
February,  1921. 

At  the  University  of  Stockholm  human  geography  is  highly  developed. 
It  is  there  in  the  hands  of  Dr.  Sten  De  Geer,  son  of  Baron  De  Geer,  the 
well-known  geologist.  Concentrating  on  the  fundamental  problem  of  popu- 
lation distribution,  he  studied  the  island  of  Gothland''-^  and  the  cities  of  the 
Baltic  Sea  region^^^  and  then  brought  his  work  to  culmination  in  an  admira- 
ble atlas  of  the  population  distribution  of  Sweden,*^^  in  which  the  "dot" 
and  "sphere"  methods  of  representation^-^  tried  out  in  the  previous  investiga- 
tions were  effectively  applied.  Other  publications  of  Dr.  De  Geer  deal  with 
suggested  new  administrative  subdivisions  of  Scandinavia  on  a  geographic 
basis'^"  and  the  political  geography  of  the  New  Europe."^  At  the  School  of 
Commerce  in  Stockholm  Professor  Gunnar  Andersson,  editor  of  the  geo- 
graphical society's  publications  and,  until  recently,  its  secretary-general,  is 
professor  of  economic  geography.  In  this  field,  to  which  he  turned  from  his 
earlier  work  in  plant  geography,  he  has  recently  devoted  his  attention  to 
Australia^^'  and  the  food  resources  of  the  world. ''^^ 

At  the  University  of  Lund  geography  is  strongly  represented.  In  the 
Faculty  of  Letters  Professor  Helge  Nelson,  devoting  himself  at  first  to 
intensive  studies  of  the  history  of  settlement  in  the  mining  district  of 
central  Sweden,**^  has  recently  published  an  excellent  paper  on  the  human 
regions  of  Sweden, ^^*  in  which  human  agglomerations  are  the  basis  of  sub- 
division, in  recognition  of  the  fact  that  they  are  outgrowths  of  the  region  in 
which  they  lie  and  expressions  of  its  character.    The  paper  is  intended  to 

'25  Meddelanden  frdn  Geografiska  Foreningen  i  Co'.eborg,  No.  I,  1912;  No.  2,  1917. 

'26  Befolkningens  fordelning  pi  Gottland,  Ymer,  Vol.  28,  1908,  pp.  240-253.  with  maps  in  i  :  300,000  and 
I  :  900,000. 

'"  Storstaderna  vid  Ostersjon,  ibid..  Vol.  32,  1912,  pp.  40-87,  with  plate  of  maps  of  Baltic  cities  in  i  :  100,000 
showing  built-up  area  generalized.  Cf.  also  idem:  Die  Grossstadte  an  der  Ostsee,  Zeitschr.  GeseU.  filr  Erdkunde 
zu  Berlin,  191 2,  pp.  754-766. 

•23  Karta  over  befolkningens  fordelning  i  Sverige  den  i  januari  1917-  Atlas  of  12  plates  in  i  :  500,000 
accompanied  by  separate  explanatory  text:  Befolkningens  fordelning  i  Sverige:  Beskrivning  till  karta  i  skalan 
I  :  500,000,  296  pp.,  Stockholm,  1919.  (See  note  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  9,  1920.  p.  360,  and  Dr.  De  Geer's  own 
statement  in  the  Geogr.  Rev.  referred  to  at  the  end  of  the  next  footnote.) 

•"  On  the  method  of  representation  see  Per  Stolpe:  Till  frigan  om  Gottlands  befolkningsffirdclning,  Ymer. 
Vol.  28,  1908,  pp.  413-419;  reply  by  Sten  De  Geer,  ibid.,  pp.  451-432;  Alfred  Soderlund:  Forslag  till  iiitensitets- 
beteckning  vid  konstruktion  av  tathetskartor,  ibid..  Vol.  35.  191S.  PP-  267-272;  G.  A.  Larsson:  Intensitets- 
beteckningar  vid  kartografisk  framstallning  av  befolkningsfOrdelningen  i  t&tare  bebyggda  traktcr,  ibid.,  pp. 
351-364;  Sten  De  Geer:  A  Map  of  the  Distribution  of  Population  in  Sweden:  Metliod  of  Preparation  and 
General  Results,  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  12,  1922,  pp.  72-83. 

"0  Sveriges  landsdelar,  ibid..  Vol.  38,  1918,  pp.  24-48  (abstracted  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11.  1921,  pp.  143-144). 

»"  Europas  statsgranser  och  statsomr4den  efter  vJirldskriget.  »6i<f..  Vol.  40,  1920,  pp.  253-302,  with  map 
showing  the  foreign  population  elements  within  the  countries  of  Europe  as  now  constituted. 

"2  0m  sambandet  mellan  natur  och  kultur  i  Australien,  Ymer,  Vol.  34.  '9i4.  PP-  293-330;  Australicn: 
Natur  och  kultur,  Stockholm,  1915  (reviewed  in  Geogr.  Rev..  Vol.  7.  1919.  PP-  431-4J2). 

»"  Virt  dagliga  brod:  Naringsvixterna  i  vilrldsproduktionen,  Stockliolm,  1916. 

»»<  Om  kulturgeografien  i  skolan  (examples:  Oland  and  Vastra  Vastmanlands  bcrgslag),  I'mfr,  Vol.32. 1912, 
pp.  88-102;  En  bergslagsbygd,  ibid..  Vol.  33.  I9i3.  PP-  278-352- 

'"  Geografiska  studier  over  de  svenska  stSdernas  och  stadslika  ortcrnas  Itigc.  Lunds  Univ.  ArsskrijI,  N.  .*^., 
Section  I,  Vol.  14.  No.  13,  no  pp.,  1918;  Sveriges  kulturgeografiska  provinscr:  Ett  bidrag  till  diskussioncn  om 
Sveriges  landsdelar,  Ymer,  Vol.  38,  1918,  pp.  341-354  (noticed,  with  map.  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11.  1921,  pp. 
144-145). 


472  THE  GEOGRAnilCAI.  REVIEW 

furnish  the  foundation  for  a  later  detailed  study  of  Swedish  cities.  Professor 
Nelson  was  in  the  United  States  and  in  Canada  last  summer,  studying  settle- 
ment metliods  in  the  northern  Great  Plains  area.  Dr.  John  Frodin  of  the 
Faculty  of  Science  has  dealt  with  the  glacial  features'^^  and  the  tree  limit^^^ 
in  nortliern  Lapland  and,  lately,  witli  traushumance  in  an  alpine  grazing 
region  in  central  Sweden  near  tJie  Norwegian  border.''*^  In  tlie  past  summer 
he  was  engaged  in  a  phytogeographical  expedition  to  Morocco. '''  Dr. 
Arnold  Norlind  of  the  Faculty  of  Letters  has  studied  the  question  of  climate 
in  historic  times,  especially  in  northern  and  central  Europe,'*"  and,  recently, 
Magellan's  circumna\Mgation  of  1521.'^^^ 

At  the  L^niversity  of  Gothenburg  the  chair  of  geography  is  occupied  by 
the  well-known  geographer,  Professor  Otto  Nordenskjold.  He  has  recently 
published  a  concise  and  helpful  history  of  the  development  of  scientific 
geography  during  the  nineteenth  century'*^  and  has  added  to  his  previous 
regional  geography^'  a  general  geography^^  of  the  Polar  lands.  Professor 
Nordenskjold  has  recently  returned  from  a  trip  to  Chile  and  Peru.'*^  Ocean- 
ography is  represented  by  Dr.  Hans  Pettersson,  who  has  recently  been 
investigating  the  relationship  between  meteorological  influences  and 
internal  movements  in  stratified  coastal  waters. ^^ 

At  the  L'ni\ersity  of  Upsala  physical  geography  predominates.  Dr.  H.  W. 
Ahlmann,  until  1921  at  the  University  of  Stockholm,  is  doing  advanced 
work  in  physiography  according  to  modern  methods.  In  keeping  with 
his  earlier  expressed  conception  of  geomorphology,'^^  and  its  application 
to  lake  shores,'*^^  he  recently  published  an  excellent  physiographic  study  of 
Norwa^^'^^  He  follow'ed  this  with  a  preliminary  investigation  of  the  geo- 
morpholog>'  of  southern  Sweden, ^^^  where  conditions  are  more  obscure  than 
in  the  neighboring  Norwegian  area,  the  study  of  which  in  a  way  served  as 
preparation.     Dr.    Ahlmann    has    also    successfully   worked    in    economic 

^'  Nigra  iakttagelser  rorande  glaciationen  i  norra  delen  af  Lule  Lappmark,  Ymer,  Vol.  35,  191S.  PP-  98-109. 

"' Studier  over  skogsgranserna  i  norra  delen  av  Lule  Lappmark,  Lunds  Univ.  Arsskrift,  N.  S.,  Section  II, 
Vol.  13,  No.  2,  1916  (with  German  resume). 

•**  Fabodbebyggelsen  i  Kail  och  Offerdal,  Geografiska  Ann-jler,  Vol.  i,  1919,  pp.  353-386. 

*•»  Ymer,  Vol.  41,  1921,  pp.  356-358. 

**"  Till  fragan  om  det  historiska  klimatet,  sarskilt  i  Nord-  och  Mellaneuropa,  ibid.,  Vol.  35,  191S,  pp.  83-97, 

"■  Fernao  de  Magalhaes  och  den  forsta  varldsomseglingen  1519-22:  Till  400-arsminnet,  Ymer,  Vol.  41, 
192 1,  pp.  1-24. 

**2  Geografisk  Forskning  og  geografiske  Opdagelser  i  det  nittende  Aarhundrede  (in  series:  The  Nineteenth 
Century  Described  by  Scandinavian  Scientists,  edited  by  Aage  Friis),  Copenhagen,  1920  (Swedish  edition, 
Stockholm,  1921),  reviewed  in  Ceogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  12,  1922,  p.  324. 

*♦•  Polarvarlden  och  dess  grannlander,  Stockholm,  1907  (German  edition,  Leipzig,  1909;  French  edition 
Paris,  1913.) 

***  Polamaturen  (in  series:  Popular  Scientific  Lectures  at  the  University  of  Gothenburg),  Stockholm,  1918. 
reviewed  in  Ceogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  12,  1922,  p.  324. 

*^  En  resa  i  Sydamerikas  Kordillerastater,  Ymer,  Vol.  41,  1921,  pp.  227-253. 

*<*  Papers  in  Meddel.  Ceogr.  Foren.  i  Coleborg,  No.  2,  1917,  pp.  29-44,  and  Ceografiska  Annaler,  Vol.  2,  1920, 
pp.  33-66,  and  Vol.  3,  192 1,  pp.  165-182. 

*♦'  Geomorfologin  som  modern  vetenskap,  Ymer,  Vol.  35,  191S,  PP.  67-82. 

**' Strandzonens  allmanna  morfologiska  utveckling  med  sarskild  hansyn  till  insjoar,  Ymer,  Vol.  34,  1914. 
pp.  241-270. 

**•  Geomorphological  Studies  in  Norway,  Ceografiska  Annaler,  Vol.  1,  1919,  pp.  1-148  and  193-252  (reviewed 
by  W.  M.  Davis  in  Ceogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  9,  1920,  pp.  368-369). 

'"'Some  Working  Hypotheses  As  Regards  the  Geomorphology  of  South  Sweden,  Ceografiska  .Annaler, 
Vol.  2,  1920,  pp.  131-145. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  473 

geography,  recently  producing  a  thoroughgoing  study  of  northern  Sweden.'*' 
The  work  done  by  the  other  members  of  the  department  of  geography 
(Professor  Axel  Hamberg,  head  of  the  department,  and  Dr.  F,  Enquist) 
relates  mainly  to  the  glacial  geology  of  Sweden.  Professor  Rudolf  Kjellen 
of  the  political  science  department,  however,  makes  contributions  to 
human  geography.'*^ 

Among  other  work  of  interest  may  be  mentioned  J.  G.  Andersson's 
investigations  in  China,'*'  where  he  has  been  engaged  since  1914  as  adviser, 
to  the  Chinese  Government  in  mining  matters,  and  his  association  with 
the  recently  created  Geological  Survey  of  China;***  Baron  Gerard  De  Geer's 
work  in  glacial  and  post-glacial  geochronology,  in  connection  with  which 
he  visited  the  United  States  and  Canada  in  1920,'**  and  his  recently  pub- 
lished studies  on  Spitsbergen;'^^  and  Professor  Carl  Skottsberg's  expedition 
to  the  eastern  Pacific  islands.'*^  Among  noteworthy  publications  the  first 
volumes  published  of  Sven  Hedin's  elaborate  work  on  Southern  Tibet,'*^ 
with  a  map  of  Central  Asia  and  Tibet  in  i  :  1,000,000,  stands  foremost. 


Finland 

In  keeping  with  the  general  high  cultural  level  of  Finland,  geography  has 
long  been  in  an  advanced  state  of  development  in  that  country,  and  even 
greater  progress  may  be  expected  as  a  result  of  the  newly  acquired  political 
independence.  For  over  thirty  years — since  1888 — two  geographical 
societies  have  existed  in  Helsingfors,**^  the  Sallskapet  for  Finlands  Geografi 
(Societe  de  Geographic  de  Finlande)  and  the  Geografiska  Foreningen  i 
Finland  (Societe  Finlandaise  de  Geographic).  The  former,  devoting  itself 
almost  exclusively  to  the  geography  of  Finland,  has  since  1889  issued  a 
valuable  journal,  Fennia,  in  which  its  researches  are  published,  with  sum- 

'^'  The  Ex;onomical  Geography  of  Swedish  Norrland,  Geogra^jfea  Annaler,'Vo\.3, 192 1,  pp. 97-164  (abstracted 
in  the  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  12,  1922,  pp.  132-133). 

«' Inledning  till  Sveriges  geografi,  Gothenburg;  Die  Grossmiichte  der  Gegenwart,  Leipzig,  about  1915 
(German  translation;  post-war  adaptation  as:  Die  Grossmachte  und  die  Weltkrise,  Leipzig,  1920). 

•"Professor  J.  G.  Andersson's  forskningar  i  Kina,  Ymer,  Vol.  39,  ipip.  PP-  IS7-I73  (see  also  notice  in 
Geografiska  Annaler,  Vol.  i,  1919,  pp.  387-388). 

»5<  J.  G.  Andersson:  The  National  Geological  Survey  of  China,  Geografiska  Annaler,  Vol.  3,  1921.  pp.  30s- 
310. 

"5  See  note  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11,  1921,  p.  139. 

»'^«  On  the  Physiographical  Evolution  of  Spitsbergen,  Explaining  the  Present  Attitude  of  the  Coal-Horizons, 
Geografiska  Annaler,  Vol.  i,  1919,  pp.  161-192,  with  map,  I  :  500,000  (reviewed  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  8,  1919. 
pp.  283-285);  Om  Spetsbergens  natur  i  Sveagruvans  omnejd,  Ymer,  Vol.  39.  1919,  PP.  240-277.  with  map, 
I  :  100,000. 

'5'  Till  Robinson-6n  och  viirldens  anda,  Stockholm,  1918  (reviewed  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  12,  1922,  pp.  324-325), 
See  also  idem:  The  Islands  of  Juan  Fernandez,  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  s,  1918,  pp.  362-383. 

»*>  Southern  Tibet:  Discoveries  in  Former  Times  Compared  With  My  Own  Researches  in  1906-1908,  9 
vols.  (Vols.  I,  2,  3,  s  so  far  published,  Stockholm,  1916-17).  atlas  of  Tibetan  panoramas  (Stockholm,  I9i7). 
and  separate  maps:  route  surveys,  1906-08,  26  sheets  in  i  :30o,ooo  (12  published,  i9i7);408hccti  in  i  :  200,000; 
map  of  Central  Asia  and  Tibet,  i  :  1,000,000  in  15  sheets  (two  published,  1917).  (See  a  discussion  of  the  his- 
torico-geographical,  cartographical,  and  geomorphological  phases  of  the  work  in  Ymer,  Vol.  38,  1918,  pp. 
101-186,  and  review  in  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  10,  1920,  pp.  424-425). 

»'' Cf.  e.g.  Exposfe  des  travaux  gfegraphiques  executes  en  Finlande  jusqu'en  189S:  Communication  faite 
au  6^me  Congres  International  de  GOographie  <\  Londres,  189S,  par  la  Sociftf-  de  GC-ographie  de  Finlande,  Hcl- 
singfors,  1895,  PP-  7-8. 


474  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 

maries  in  German,  French,  or  English.  The  latter  has  taken  all  of  geography 
as  its  field  and  has  publislied  two  journals,  the  one,  since  1888,  Geografiska 
Forcningens  Tuiskrift  (called  Terra  since  1913),  with  articles  of  general 
interest  in  Swedish  and  Finnish  only,  and  the  other,  since  1892,  Meddelanden 
af  Geografiska  Foreningen,  with  major  contributions  in  the  two  national 
languages  but  witli  German,  French,  or  English  r^sum^s.  In  192 1  both 
societies  were  amalgamated,-'^"  retaining  tlie  name  and  journal  of  the 
^ former.  It  is  not  known  whether  the  journals  of  the  latter  have  ceased 
publication. 

The  work  of  the  Geografiska  Foreningen  centers  about  the  names  R. 
Hult  and  J.  E.  Rosberg  and  is  thereby  closely  associated  with  the  develop- 
ment of  geography  at  the  University  of  Helsingfors.^^^  About  at  the  time  of 
the  founding  of  the  two  societies  an  instructorship  in  geography  was  estab- 
lished at  the  university  and  Dr.  Hult  was  called  to  occupy  it.  He  organized 
a  department  of  geography  in  1890  and  through  his  work  in  the  university 
became  one  of  the  leading  contributors  to  the  renascence  of  geography  in 
Finland  and  to  its  recognition  as  a  science.  One  aspect  of  Dr.  Hult's  work 
is  familiar  to  American  geographers  because  of  the  fact  that  Professor  Ward 
has  repeatedly  called  attention  to  his  subdivision  of  the  earth  into  climatic 
provinces.^*-  Dr.  Hult  died  in  1899.  In  1902  the  instructorship  was  raised 
to  an  associate  professorship,  and  later  to  a  full  professorship,  and  Professor 
J.  E.  Rosberg,  the  present  incumbent,  was  called  to  the  chair.  From  that 
day  to  this^®^  he  has  been  an  active  worker  in  the  improvement  of  geography 
in  the  schools,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  memorialists  of  the  petition  to  the 
government  on  that  question.'^'*  In  1907  the  position  of  director  of  seminar 
work  in  the  department  was  created  and  Dr.  J.  G.  Grano,  well-known  for 
his  physiographic  work  in  Mongolia  and  the  Altai,  the  latest  results  of 
which  have  recently  appeared, ^^^  was  appointed.  In  1908  an  instructorship 
was  established  and  Dr.  I.  Leiviska,  the  present  incumbent,  appointed. 
He  has  recently  published  a  comprehensive  study,  based  on  ten  years' 
work,  of  the  Salpausselka,'*^  the  great  terminal  moraine  which  forms  the 
southern  border  of  the  Finnish  lake  district. 

At  Abo  a  university  (Academy)  with  Swedish  as  the  official  language  was 
opened  in  1919,  but  only  geology  (H.  G.  Backlund),  not  geography  is 
represented.    Whether  geography   forms   part  of   the   curriculum  of   the 

"o  Index  Generalis:  Annuaire  general  des  universites,  etc.,  2nd  issue,  Paris,  1921,  p.  1344. 

*^  See  L'enseignement  de  la  geographie  en  Finlande:  Expose  sommaire  presente  par  la  Societe  Finlandaise 
de  Geographie,  Meddel.  Ceogr.  Foren.  i  Finland,  Vol.  8,  1907-09,  loth  article,  sections  on  the  university,  pp 
14-19,  and  on  the  Societe  Finlandaise  de  Geographie,  pp.  19-21. 

*^  Jordens  klimatomraden:  Forsok  till  en  indelning  of  jordytan  efter  klimatiska  grander,  Meddel.  Ceogr. 
Foren.  i  Finland,  Vol.  I,  1892-93,  pp.  140-201,  with  map  of  world  in  Mollweide's  projection,  i  :  150,000,000. 
See  Ward  in  Bull.  Amer.  Ceogr.  Soc,  Vol.  38,  1906,  pp.  472-474,  with  Hult's  map  in  Mercator's  projection, 
equatorial  scale,  i  :  97,000,000;  and  ibid..  Vol.  46,  1914,  p.  no. 

*•  Geografin  och  dess  studium  i  Finland,  sarskilt  Abo,  Abo  Akad.  Arsskrift,  1918. 

**  Geogra6ska  Foreningen  inlaga  till  K.  Senaten  i  geografi  fragan,  Ceogr.  Foren.  Tidskrift,  V'ol.  18,1906, 
pp.  161-166. 

"s  Les  formes  du  relief  dans  I'Altai  russe  et  leur  genfise:  Etude  morphologique,  Fennia,  Vol.  40,  No.  2,  128 
pp.  (reviewed  in  the  Ceogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11,  1921,  pp.  155-156). 

•"  Der  Salpausselka  (in  German),  Fennia,  Vol.  41,  No.  3,  388  pp.,  1920,  with  map  i  :  400,000. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  475 

Finnish-language  university  which  was  to  be  opened  also  at  Abo  in  192 1 
is  not  known. 

The  Sallskapet  for  Finlands  Geografi,  not  content  with  having  produced 
an  atlas  of  all  phases  of  the  geography  of  Finland  (second  edition,  191 1), 
the  like  of  which,  for  their  national  domain,  only  three  or  four  countries  in 
the  world  can  boast,  has,  as  one  of  the  first  scientific  obligations  of  political 
independence,  undertaken  the  preparation  of  a  systematic  geography  of 
the  country."^"  The  work,  which  is  in  preparation  by  a  number  of  specialists 
under  the  editorship  of  Dr.  R.  Witting,  the  Society's  secretary,  will  consist 
of  two  volumes  of  about  700  pages  each,  the  first  dealing  with  nature  and 
the  second  with  man.  The  work  will  first  appear  in  Swedish  and  Finnish, 
but  an  edition  in  one  of  the  "world  languages"  is  contemplated.  Being  causal 
in  its  geographical  treatment  it  will  not  duplicate  the  handbook  recently 
published  under  the  auspices  of  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs.^^^  A 
recent  publication  of  the  Society's  on  Finland's  boundaries,*^^  including 
those  of  the  new  outlet  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  established  by  the  Treaty  of 
Dorpat  of  October  14,  1920,  is  of  interest. 

Of  other  interesting  work  may  be  mentioned  that  done  in  Finland  to 
correlate  with  Baron  De  Geer's  studies  of  the  glacial  and  post-glacial  time 
scale""  and  papers  on  the  type  landscapes  and  natural  regions,^"^  the  phyto- 
geographical  boundaries''^^  and  the  cities^^^  of  Finland,  and  a  work  on  Eastern 
Carelia  and  Lapland.^'^^ 

The  Baltic  States 

Each  of  the  three  Baltic  States  has  a  university,  Lithuania  at  Kovno 
(founded  in  1920),  Latvia  at  Riga  (191 9),  and  Esthonia  at  Dorpat  (re- 
organized 1 91 9).  The  records  available  do  not  show  whether  geography 
is  part  of  the  curriculum  at  Kovno  or  Riga.  At  Dorpat,  the  Finnish  geog- 
rapher, Dr.  J.  G.  Grano,  referred  to  above  as  director  of  seminar  work  in 
the  department  of  geography  at  the  University  of  Helsingfors,  is  listed  as 
full  professor  of  geography, 

Poland 

The  new  state  of  Poland  has  five  universities:  Warsaw,  Cracow,  Lw6w 
(Lemberg),  Lublin,  and  Poznan  (Posen).  Poznan  and  the  Catholic  Uni- 
versity of  Lublin  are  new  foundations  since  the  war.  At  all  the  universities 
except  Lublin  geography  is  represented.    At  Warsaw,  according  to  recent 

»«'Apercu  des  actes  de  la  Societe  d'octobre  191S  a  inai  1918,  Fennia,  Vol.  40.  No.  i,  pp.  98-106,  1919; 
reference  on  pp.  105-106,  detailed  synopsis  of  contents  in  preceding  report  in  Swedish,  pp.  19-36. 

'"  Finnland  im  Anfang  des  XX.  Jahrhunderts,  Helsingfors,  I9i9. 

•"»  Les  frontifires  de  Finlande,  Fennia,  Vol.  42,  No.  10,  1921,  with  map  i  :  2,000,000. 

"'n  Matti  Sauramo:  Gcochronologische  Studien  Ober  die  spatglaziale  Zcit  in  Sildfmnland,  Fennia,  Vol.  41 
No.  I,  44  pp.,  1918. 

'"'  J.  E.  Rosberg:  Finska  landskapstyper,  Fennia,  Vol.  40,  No.  9,  25  pp.,  191Q. 

"'Om  viixtgeografiska  granslinjer  i  Finland,  Meddel.  Ccogr.  Foren.  i  Finland,  Vol.  10,  igi.l-14,  first  article. 

•"J.  Qvist:  Die  Stadtebildung  in  Finnland  und  ihrc  gcographischen  Voraussetziingc-n,  ibid.,  seventh  article. 

"«Theodor  Hom^n,  edit.:  Ostkarelen  och  Kola  Lappmark  skildrado  av  finsk.T  nattir- och  sprikforskare, 
Helsinefors.  1920  (English  edition,  London,  1921). 


4  7C  THK  GEOGRAPHICAL  REVIEW 

information,''*  there  would  seem  to  be  two  universities,  the  old  university  of 
Warsaw,  and  a  recently  founded  Free  I'niversity  of  Poland.  At  the  former 
plant  geography  (B.  Hryniewiecki)  and  meteorolog\'  (W.  Gorczynski)  are 
represented.  At  the  latter  there  are  professorships  of  physical  geography 
and  geography  of  Poland  (S.  Lencewicz),  economic  geography  (J,  Lothj, 
meteorology  (\V.  Smosarski),  and  ethnography  (S.  Poniatowski).  At  the 
I'niversity  of  Cracow  the  well-known  physiographer,  L.  Sawicki,  is  professor 
of  geography.  At  Poznan  the  chair  of  geography  is  occupied  by  S.  Pawlow- 
ski,  who  recently  published  a  geography  of  Poland.'^^  Most  of  these  instruc- 
tors are  contributors  to  the  excellent  first  volume  of  the  Revue  Polonaise  de 
Geographic  [Frzeglad  Geograficzny)  edited  by  Professor  Sawicki  and  pub- 
lished by  the  recently  (191 7)  founded  Polish  Geographical  Society  (Polskie 
Towarz\stwo  Geograficzne)  in  Warsaw.  The  review  will  only  appear  more 
or  less  irregularly  at  present,  but  each  volume  will  be  followed  by  a  separate 
annual  bibliography  covering  the  geographical  literature  on  Poland  and 
geographic  publications  in  Polish.  An  important  predecessor  of  the  Polish 
Geographical  Society  was  the  Polish  Society  for  Geography-  (Polskie 
TowarzystwoKrajoznawcze),^^^  which  was  founded  inW^arsaw  about  in  1906. 
In  1 910  it  began  the  publication  of  a  weekly  periodical  called  Ziemia 
{Earth),  which,  however,  stopped  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  This  society 
numbered  850  members  in  Warsaw  by  1909  and  several  hundred  more 
in  the  21  sections  it  maintained  in  other  parts  of  Poland.  Since  1914 
it  has  co-operated  in  the  publication  of  the  important  series  of  Physio- 
graphic Memoirs  {Pami§tnik  Fizyograficzny)  which  have  been  appearing 
since  1881  and  contain  many  important  contributions  to  the  geography 
fo  Poland. 

Pre-eminent  among  Polish  geographers  is  Professor  Eugeniusz  Romer  of 
the  University  of  Lwow,  widely  known  for  his  studies  of  the  human  and 
political  geography  of  Poland  during  the  war  and  at  the  peace  conference. 
His  most  important  work  is  the  admirable  Atlas  of  Poland'^^  (W''arsaw,  1916; 
second  edition,  1921),  recently  supplemented  by  an  "Atlas  des  Problemes 
Territoriaux  de  la  Pologne"  (Lwow,  1921),  which  reproduces  many  of  the 
maps  prepared  for  the  Paris  and  Riga  peace  conferences,  among  the  latter 
one  in  i  :  1,050,000  (PI.  39)  showing  the  eastern  boundary  of  Poland 
according  to  the  Treaty  of  Riga,  signed  March  17,  1921.  Under  the  editor- 
ship of  Professor  Romer  a  series  of  geographical  memoirs  is  appearing 
(Travaux  Geographiques  Publies  sous  la  direction  de  E.  Romer)  of  which 
some  five  numbers  have  been  issued,  dealing  mainly  with  Polish  problems 
of  political  geography.    Associated  with  Professor  Romer  at  Lwow  are 

*'■'  Index  Generalis  for  1921,  pp.  454  and  456. 

•■«  Geografia  Polski,  Lwow,  1917.  See  also  list  of  Pawlowski's  papers  in  La  Giogr.,  Vol.  36,  1921,  p.  107. 

'"  M.  Friederichsen :  Die  Polnische  Gesellschaft  fiir  Landeskunde  in  Warschau:  Aus  Anlass  ihres  zehn- 
jahrigen  Bestehens,  Petermanns  Mitt.,  Vol.  62,  1916,  pp.  459-460;  idem,  Geogr.  Jahrbuch,  Vol.  38,  191S-18, 
pp.  332-333;  L.  Sawicki:  Landeskundliche  Bestrebungen  in  Polen,  Kartogr.  und  Schulgeogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  6 
1917.  pp.  53-56  (this  article  contains  a  good  general  survey  of  the  status  of  geography  in  Poland). 

»■*€£.  review  (by  R.  H.  Lord)  in  Geogr.  Rev. .Vol.  11,  1 92 1.  dd.  308-309;  a\so  Ann.de  Geogr. .Vol.  29,  1920,  pp. 
382-384. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  477 

J.  Czekanowski  as  professor  of  ethnology  and  H.  Arctowski,  well-kno\vn 
for  his  work  on  dimatic  changes  and  long  resident  in  the  United  States,  as 
professor  of  geophysics.^^^ 

Of  great  importance  is  a  monumental  Polish  Encyclopedia  undertaken 
by  the  Academy  of  Sciences  in  Cracow.  Nineteen  sections  were  contem- 
plated, the  first  half  of  which  are  of  geographical  interest.  Fortunately 
several  of  the  first  volumes  have  already  been  published:'^"  Vol.  i  in  1912  on 
"The  Physical  Geography  of  the  Polish  Lands  and  Physical  Characteristics 
of  the  Population"  consisting  of  16  articles  by  different  contributors;  Vols.  2 
and  3  in  1915  on  the  Polish  language  and  Vol.  4  on  the  beginnings  of  Slavonic 
civilization.  Other  sections  were  to  deal  with  political  history,  historical 
geography,  statistics,  and  economic  conditions.  Another  work  of  this 
type,  though  originally  intended  for  propaganda,  is  the  Encyclopedie 
Polonaise  published  by  the  Comite  National  Polonais  en  Am^rique,'^^ 
Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  publications  of  the  German  geo- 
graphical commission  in  Poland  (p.  446). 

Czechoslovakia 

Since  the  establishment  of  Czechoslovakia  as  an  independent  state,  two 
new  universities  have  been  founded,  at  Bratislava  (Pressburg)  and  Brno 
(Brunn),  but  neither  of  them  includes  all  the  faculties  as  yet,  and  geography 
is  not  on  the  curriculum.  At  Prague,  however,  it  is.  Here,  as  before  the 
war,  there  are  two  separate  universities,  the  Czech  and  the  German.  At 
both  geography  is  represented.  At  the  Czech  university  there  are  two 
professorships  of  geography,  occupied  by  V.  Svambera,  known  for  his  work 
on  the  Congo,  and  J.  V.  Danes,  who  has  made  a  study  of  karst  phenomena 
in  various  parts  of  the  world,  notably  in  Bosnia  and  Queensland.  There 
are  assistant  professorships  in  meteorology  and  climatology  (S.  Hanzlik) 
and  in  economic  and  human  geography  (V.  Dvorsky)  and  instructorships 
in  geomorphology  (V.  Dedina)  and  ethnography  (K.  Chotek).  At  the 
German  university  the  veteran  African  explorer  Oskar  Lenz  is  emeritus 
professor  of  geography,  and  Fritz  Machatschek  professor  of  geography. 
Dr.  Machatschek,  who  is  known  for  his  physiographic  work,  has  recently 
published  in  Penck's  series  of  regional  monographs  the  final  results  of  his 
investigations  in  Turkestan,'^^  to  which  the  outbreak  of  the  war  abruptly 
put  an  end.  Symptomatic  of  the  change  of  conditions  are  the  comparative 
pre-war  and  present  budgets  (in  crowns)  of  the  department  of  geography 
at  the  two  universities,  as  follows:  1913  Czech,  1000;  German,  1000;  1921: 
Czech,  6000;  German,  1000.  

''•See  his  Agriculture  and  LandowncrshiiJ  in  Poland,  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11,  1921.  PP-  161-171. 

»'«See  Ann.  de  Geogr.  Bibliogr.  Giogr.  Annuelle  for  1913-14.  No.  409,  and  H.  Praesent:  BiblioKrapliisc  her 
Leitfaden  fur  Polen,  Beilr.  zur  Polnischen  Landeskunde,  Reihe  B.  No.  2,  Berlin,  191 7.  PP-  4.  36-37.  38.  9S-96. 

»8i  To  embrace  six  volumes.  Among  the  volumes  of  geographical  interest  already  published  arc:  Vol.  a 
(Part  I:  Geographie  et  ethnographie;  Part  II:  D6mographic  g6n<'ralc;  Part  III:  Dtveloppcmcnt  terri- 
torial), with  atlas,  Lausanne,  1920  (Part  IV:  Emigration  ct  colonies  polonaises  a  rf-trangcr.  in  press);  Vol.  3 
(Vie  Iconomique  de  la  Pologne),  with  atlas,  Lausanne,  1919- 

'"  Landeskunde  von  Russisch-Turkestan  (in  series:  Bibliotluk  lUnchrkundliilK-r  IlandbUcher.  horausgrRrbcn 
von  A.  Penck),  348  pp.,  Stuttgart.  1921. 


47S  THE  GEOGR.\PIIICAL  REVIEW 

Another  factor  in  the  development  of  geography  in  Czechoslovakia  is 
the  flourishing  Czech  Geographical  Society  at  Prague,  foundeti  in  1895, 
which  since  its  establishment  has  been  publishing  a  valuable  periodical 
{Sbornik  Ceske  Spolednosli  Zcmh'cdne)  containing  articles  on  Bohemia  and 
systematic  lists  of  geographical  publications  in  Czech.  Intellectual  contact 
with  France  is  maintained  b>'  the  Institut  Fran^ais  de  Prague,  at  which 
Professor  Alfred  Fichelle  gives  courses,  niainh-  on  the  geography  of  France."''*^ 


Hungary 

Since  the  war  Hungary-  is  reduced  to  two  imiversities,  the  ancient  Uni- 
versity of  Budapest  and  the  newly  founded  (1914)  University  of  Debreczen. 
At  Budapest  in  addition  there  was  established  in  1919  a  "Faculty  of  Political 
Economy."  In  1907  a  university  had  been  created  at  Pozsony,  but  when 
this  city  became  part  of  Czechoslovakia,  the  Hungarian  university  was 
withdrawn.  A  Czechoslovak  university  was  established  under  the  new 
name  of  the  city,  Bratislava,  but,  as  stated  above,  geography  is  not  repre- 
sented in  its  curriculum.  The  faculties  at  Pozsony,  likewise  at  Kolozsvar, 
now  become  Rumanian  (see  the  section  below),  were  transferred  intact  to 
Budapest.  At  all  the  Hungarian  institutions  referred  to — Budapest, 
university  as  well  as  Faculty  of  Political  Econom}^;  Debreczen;  Pozsony; 
Kolozsvar — geography  is  represented.  The  continued  existence,  at  Buda- 
pest, of  the  Universities  of  Pozsony  and  Kolozsvar — according  to  the 
Hungarian  conception — would  seem  to  be  indicated  by  the  issuance  under 
date  of  1 92 1  of  the  valuable  first  number  of  a  joint  publication  of  the 
geographical  institutes  of  those  two  universities  and  of  the  university 
of  Budapest  and  the  Faculty  of  Political  Economy.^^* 

At  the  University  of  Budapest  the  chair  of  geography,  formerly  occupied 
by  Professor  Geza  Czirbusz.who  has  recently  published  the  first  three  volumes 
of  a  four- volume  treatise  on  human  geography**^  and  a  paper  on  the  historical 
development  of  Budapest, ^^^  seems  at  present  unoccupied,  but  there  are 
instructorships  in  branches  of  geography,  among  which  may  be  m.entioned 
that  of  Dr.  Michael  Haltenberger  in  regional  physiography.  Dr.  Halten- 
berger  pursued  studies  in  the  United  States  in  191 3,  mainly  relating  to 
Block  Island,  on  which  he  published  several  papers, ^^^  both  before  and  after 
his  return  to  Hungary.    While  here,  he  also  wrote  an  interesting  paper  on 

"»A  reflection  of  his  reciprocal  function,  the  spreading  of  knowledge  of  Czechoslovakia  in  France,  is  his 
paper:  Les  debouches  maritimes  de  la  Tchecoslovaquie,  Ann.  de  Ciogr.,  Vol.  30,  1921,  pp.  241-248. 

'^  Francis  Fodor:  Conditions  of  Production  in  Hungary'.  Hungarian  Geogr.  Essays  (Joint  Publ.  of  the  Geogr. 
Jnsts.  Univ.  of  Budapest,  Fac.  of  Polit.  Econ.,  Univ.  of  Kolozsvar,  and  Univ.  of  Pozsony)  No.  I,  10  pp.,  diagrs. 
and  maps.  Budapest.  1921. 

**5  Human  Geography:  Part  I,  Influence  of  Landforms,  127  pp.,  Budapest.  1915;  Part  II,  .^.nthropogeog- 
raphy,  104  pp.,  Budapest,  1917;  Part  III,  Political  Geography,  62  pp.  Budapest,  1919  (all  in  Hungarian).  Part 
IV  will  deal  with  historical  geography.  Cf.  the  reviews  in  Petermanns  Mitt.,  Vol.  63,  191 7,  p.  37,  and  Vol.  64. 
1918.  p.  235- 

•"  Historisch-geographische  Lage  von  Budapest.  Kartogr.  und  Schulgeogr.  Zeitschr.,  Vol.  7,  1918,  pp.  81-86, 
with  map,  i  :  100.000. 

*"  Among  them:  A  Study  of  the  Cartographical  Development  of  Block  Island,  R.  I.,  36  pp.;  Physical  Geog- 
raphy of  Block  Island,  R.  I.,  43  pp.;  both  Hungarian  Adriatic  Assoc,  Budapest,  1917. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  479 

primitive  modes  of  transportation.^*^  During  the  war  he  discussed  Ru- 
mania.'*^ On  the  Faculty  of  Political  Economy  geography  is  represented  by 
the  well-known  geographer,  Count  Paul  Teleki,  who  occupies  the  chair  of 
economic  geography.  Count  Teleki  was  head  of  the  Hungarian  commission 
of  preparation  for  the  peace  conference  and  later  first  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs  and  then  Premier  of  Hungary.  Count  Teleki  was  indefatigable  in 
working  out  material  bearing  on  the  geography,  especially  the  ethnography 
of  Hungary  for  the  peace  conference.  The  following  are  some  of  the  publica- 
tions of  which  he  was  the  author  or  editor:  four  series  of  maps  of  Hungary  in 
I  :  200,000^^"  showing  (i)  nationality,  (2)  religious  adherence,  (3)  ability  or 
inability  to  speak  Hungarian,  (4)  ability  or  inability  to  read  and  write, 
which  because  of  their  large  scale  and  the  consequent  placing  of  the  colored 
circles,  of  size  proportional  to  the  number  of  inhabitants,  in  the  actual 
locations  where  people  live,  give  an  intimate  picture  of  conditions;  a  general 
ethnographic  map  of  Hungary^^^  on  which,  by  an  ingenious  method,  the 
area  shown  as  inhabited  by  each  nationality  is  proportional  to  its  numbers; 
and  a  paper^^^  and  a  valuable  atlas'^^^  on  the  economic  geography  of  Hungar>^ 
Among  relevant  publications  by  others  may  here  be  mentioned  an  atlas"*^^ 
and  a  general  surv-ey^^^  of  Hungary,  historical,  ethnographic,  and  economic. 
Count  Teleki  revisited  the  United  States  in  1921,  on  which  occasion  he 
addressed  the  Institute  of  Politics  at  Williams  College. 

At  the  University  of  Debreczen  Dr.  R.  Milleker,  author  of  a  treatise  on 
vulcanism''^^  and  formerly  joint  editor  of  the  international  edition  of  the 
Bulletin  of  the  Hungarian  Geographical  Society,  is  professor  of  geography. 
At  Pozsony  Dr.  Gyula  Prinz  had  been  appointed  to  the  chair  of  geography; 
he  had  from  personal  association  studied  the  structure  and  ethnography  of 
the  Tian  Shan.^^^  At  Kolozsvar  the  head  of  the  departinent  was  the  well- 
known  geographer,  Professor  Jeno  de  Cholnoky,  now  president  of  the 
Hungarian  Geographical  Society.  Among  his  numerous  publications  only 
one,  a  general  paper  on  the  Great  Hungarian  Lowland,^'^  which  reflects 

3*8  Primitive  Carriers  in  Land  Transportation,  Bull.  Amer.  Geogr.  Soc,  Vol.  47,  1915,  pp.  729-745. 

'"  Rumanien  in  politisch-geographischer  Beleuchtung,  Kartogr.  und  Schulgeogr.  Zeilschr.,  Vol.  6,  1917. 
pp.  138-142. 

'">  Ethnographical  Map  of  Hungary,  i  :  200,000,  53  sheets  (8  not  finished)  in  portfolio,  Hungarian  Geogr. 
Soc,  Budapest,  1918.  Similarly:  The  Communes  of  Hungary  Showing  (2)  The  Distribution  of  Religions; 
(3)  The  Persons  Speaking  Hungarian;  (4)  The  Persons  Able  to  Read  and  Write.  Data  on  all  maps  are  hand- 
colored. 

'"  Paul  Teleki:  Ethnographical  Map  of  Hungary  Based  on  Density  of  Population,  4  pp.  of  text  and  map  in 
I  :  1,000,000,  [Budapest,  1918]. 

'"Paul  Teleki:  Short  Notes  on  the  Economical  and  Political  Geograpliy  of  Hungary,  15  pp.  and  6  maps 
mainly  in  i  :  4,000,000. 

'"  Paul  Teleki,  A.  de  Edvi  Illes,  and  A.  Halasz,  edits.:  The  Economics  of  Hungary  in  Maps,  6(h  revised  edi- 
tion with  75  maps  and  6  diagrams,  Budar>est,  1921.  The  various  elements  represented  are  shown  for  all  of  Hun- 
gary in  its  former  as  compared  with  its  present  extent  on  maps  in  i  :  4,000,000. 

'"  La  Hongrie:  Cartes  et  notions  geographiques,  historiques,ethnographiciues,  dconomiques,  el  intellcctucllcs, 
48  pp.,  (Budapest,  no  date]. 

"'•  Louis  Loczy,  edit.:  A  Geographical,  Economic,  and  Social  Survey  of  Hungary,  122  pp.,  Budapest,  1919. 

336  \  vulkanizmus  teoriiii,  Szegedin,  1910. 

»"  Reisein  den  sUdlichen  Gebirgsketten  des  Tien-Sclian  zwischen  Karin  und  Maral-Baschi,  Bull.  Hungarian 
Geogr.  Soc:  Jnlernatl.  Edit.,  Vol.  38,  1910,  pp.  185-21 1:  Ethnographische  Ucobachtungcn  ini  Ticn-Sclian, 
A  Magy.  Nentz.  Muzeum  Niprajzi  Oszt6ly6nak  (irtts'udje.  Vol.  9.  No.  1-2,  pp.  69-90,  Budapest,  alwut  1909. 

»»'Die  Oberflachengestalt  des  Alfiild,  Bull.  Hungarian  Geogr.  Soc:  Inlernatl.  Edit.,  Vol.  38,  1910,  pp.  275" 
297,  with  physiographic  map,   i  :  1,200,000,  showing  natural  limits  of  the  AlfOld. 


480  THE  GEOGR.\PIIICAL  REVIEW 

his  work  as  head  of  the  Alfold  Connnission  of  the  geographical  society,  can 
be  mentioned.  The  head  of  one  of  the  Society's  other  commissions,  that  on 
Lake  Balaton  and  editor  of  its  many-volume  scientific  results,  the  eminent 
geologist,  Professor  Lajos  L6czy,  died  in  1920, 

Rumania 

The  war  has  practically  made  no  interruption  in  the  existing  energetic 
dexelopment  of  geography  in  Rumania;  indeed  this  development  has 
proceeded  more  rapidly  since  that  time.  In  this  growth  the  Royal  Rumanian 
Geographical  Society  of  Bukharest  has  been  an  important  factor.  The 
important  influence  exerted  as  a  matter  of  course  by  the  universities  has 
been  enhanced  since  their  increase,  after  Rumania's  territorial  enlargement, 
from  the  former  two,  Bukharest  and  Jassy,  to  four  by  the  addition  of  Cluj 
(Kolozsvar)  and  CernSutsi  (Czernowitz). 

The  university  men  active  in  this  development  have  been  trained  both 
in  Germany  and  in  France.  Professor  Mehedintsi,  head  of  the  department 
of  geography  at  the  University  of  Bukharest,  is  a  pupil  of  Ratzel,  under 
whom  he  took  his  Doctor's  degree  in  1899  with  a  suggestive  thesis-''^^  and 
to  whose  memorial  volumie  he  contributed  an  anthropogeographical  paper 
on  the  Rumanian  steppe.^""  To  provide  a  medium  of  expression  for  the 
work  done  in  his  department  he  created  in  1909  an  annual  publication 
entitled  Amiar  de  Geografie  shi  Antropogeografie,  which  has  at  least  appeared 
to  1 91 5  and  which  is  replete  with  valuable  studies  in  the  geography,  more 
especially  the  human  geography,  of  Rumania.^"^  Professor  N.  lorga,  the 
well-known  historian  at  the  University  of  Bukharest  and  editor  of  the 
Bulletin  de  Vlnstitut  pour  VEtude  de  VEurope  Sud-Orientale,  also  makes 
contributions  to  geography,  mainly  on  Rumanian  territorial  development.'*"^ 

At  the  University  of  Cluj,  in  the  department  formerly  presided  over  by 
the  well-known  Hungarian  geographer  Professor  Cholnoky,  Dr.  G.  Valsan 
has  recently  been  appointed  professor  of  geography.  Professor  Valsan  is 
a  pupil  of  Professor  De  Martonne  of  Paris.  His  thesis,'*"-^  published  in  191 5, 
is  an  important  and  extensive  physiographic  study  of  the  Rumanian  plain. 
Both  before  and  after  this  w^ork  he  has  made  important  contributions, 
mainly  physiographic,  to  modern  geographical  knowledge  of  Rumania.^"^ 
Associated  with  Professor  Valsan  at  Cluj  is  Professor  V.  Merutsiu,  who 
directed  the  department  alone  before  Professor  Valsan  came  from  Jassy. 

'"  Kartographische  Induktion,  Diss.  Univ.  Leipzig,  1899. 

«o  Die  rumanische  Steppe:  Eine  anthropogeographische  Skizze,  "Zu  Friedrich  Ratzels  Gedachtnis,"  Leipzig, 
1904,  pp.  249-255. 

«"  For  list  of  contents  of  VoL  i,  1909-10,  and  Vol.  2,  1910-11,  see:  Ann.  de  Giogr.  Bibliogr.  Geogr.  Annuelle, 
191 1,  p.  170;  of  Vol.  3, 1913,  Bui.  Soc.  Reg.  Romane  de  Geogr. ,Vo\.  34,  1913,  No.  i,  pp.  233-234;  of  Vol.  for  1914- 
15.  ihid..  Vol.  36.  1915.  pp.  773-774. 

*o-Auf-  und  Xiedergang  des  ttirkischen  Herrschaftsgebietes  in  Europa,  Petermanns  Mitt.,  Vol.  59,  I,  I9i3i 
pp.  i-7i  with  5  maps,  I  :  10,000,000;  Die  Entwicklung  des  rumanischen  Staatswesens,  ibid.,  Vol.  61,  191S. 
pp.  260-263,  witli  ethnographic  map,  i  :  1,500,000,  by  Langhans. 

"'Cimpia  Romana,  Bui.  Soc.  Reg.  Romane  de  Geogr.,  Vol.  36.  1915,  pp.  313-368,  with  French  resumg. 

•"*  Asupra  trecerii  Dunarei  prin  Portile  de  Fier:  Studie  de  geografie  critica,  ibid..  Vol.  37,  1916-18,  pp.  133- 
152;  Vaile:  Origina  shi  evolutsia  lor,  ibid.,  pp.  333-353;  La  terre  et  le  penpleToumaLins,  Rev.  Gin.  des  Sciences, 
Vol.  31,  1920,  pp.  338-3A2. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  48 1 

Professor  Merutsiu  has  written  papers  on  the  salt  deposits  of  Rumania*"^ 
and  the  Rumanians  of  Transylvania.-*"^  The  work  of  the  department  at 
Cluj  has  recently  been  described  by  Professor  Valsan^""  and  by  Professor 
De  Martonne,^"^  the  latter  having  given  courses  there  and  conducted  an 
excursion  in  Rumania  during  the  summer  of  1921. 

At  the  University  of  Jassy  Dr.  M.  D.  David  is  interim  professor  of 
geography.  He  recently  published  a  paper  on  the  physiographic  evolution 
of  Moldavia  between  the  Sereth  and  the  Pruth.'*''^  Professor  I.  Simionescu, 
the  geologist  at  that  institution,  does  work  of  geographical  bearing,  recently 
publishing  a  series  of  views,  with  comment,  of  Rumanian  landform  types.^^" 
At  the  University  of  Czernowitz,  where  Supan  taught  in  the  early  days 
of  his  career,  geography  is  at  present  represented  by  Professor  K.  A.  Penecke, 
who  occupied  the  chair  of  geology  under  the  Austrian  regime  and  still  gives 
courses  in  geology.  Dr.  I.  Prelipcean  is  listed  as  director  of  the  geographical 
institute,  likewise  of  the  mineralogical  institute. 

Among  other  men  of  modern  training  should  be  mentioned  Dr.  Alexander 
Dimitrescu,  who  unfortunately  died  in  1917  at  the  age  of  36.^^^  He  finished 
his  studies  in  Germany,  acquiring  the  doctorate  in  1911  at  the  University 
of  Berlin  with  a  thesis  on  the  lower  Danube.*^^  At  Berlin  he  became  familiar 
with  American  physiographic  methods  during  Professor  Davis'  visiting 
professorship  at  that  university.  In  addition  to  papers  which  reflect  this 
influence  on  his  studies,^^^  he  wrote  on  Rumania  as  a  transit  land.-*^* 

Among  war-problem  publications  of  geographical  interest  may  be  men- 
tioned a  map  in  i  :  1,000,000  showing  the  distribution  of  Rumanians,*^^ 
a  political,  historical,  and  ethnographic  atlas  of  Rumania,'*^®  several  publica- 
tions on  the  Dobrudja,'*^^  and  a  reprint  of  Premier  Bratianu's  presentation 
of  Rumania's  territorial  claims  at  the  peace  conference.^' ^ 

"5  Sarea  In  pamantul  Romanese,  Bui.  Soc.  Reg.  Romdne  de  Geogr.,  Vol.  33,  1912,  pp.  69-162. 

oisRomanii  intre  Tisa  shi  Carpatsi:  Raporturi  etnografice,  Riv.  Shliintsifici  V.  Adamachi,  Vol.  6,  1915,  pp. 
135-143.  Jassy. 

«"  Bid.  Soc.  Reg.  Rom&ne  de  Geogr.,  Vol.  38,  1919,  pp.  329-331. 

408  E.  de  Martonne:  Enseignement  et  excursions  geographiques  en  Roumanie,  Ann.  de  Geogr.,  Vol.  31,  1922, 
pp.  64-66. 

*o»  O  schitsa  morfologicS  podishului  Sarmatic  din  Moldova,  Bui.  Soc.  Reg.  Romdne  de  Geogr.,  Vol.  39. 1920, 
pp.  331-381,  with  French  resume. 

*"•  Tipuri  geografice  din  Romania,  ibid..  Vol.  36,  1915,  pp.  714-738,  with  64  illustrations  (first  publislied 
in  Rev.  ShtiintsificA  V.  Adamachi,  Jassy,  Vols.  3,  4,  and  s). 

"'  For  biographical  note  see  Bui.  Soc.  Reg.  Romdne  de  Geogr.,  Vol.  37,  1916-18,  pp.  678-679. 

*'2  Die  untere  Donau  zwischen  Turnul-Severin  und  Braila:  Geomorphologische  Problenie,  Diss.  Univ.  Berlin, 
1911. 

<"  W.  M.  Davis  in  literatura  geograficS  contimporan5,  ibid..  Vol.  34,  1913,  No.  i,  pp.  I7S-I79;  Asupra 
teraselor  aluvionare,  ibid..  No.  2,  pp.  17-26  (in  German  as:  Uber  die  Bildung  der. Alluvialterrassen,  Geogr. 
Anzeiger,  Vol.  12,  1911,  pp.  101-103). 

*"  RomiLnia  in  transitul  sud-est  European,  Bui.  Soc.  Reg.  Romdne  de  Geogr.,  Vol.  3i,  1912.  pp.  48-68. 

*■'  S.  Demetrescu  et  al.  Carte  ethnographique  des  regions  habit6s  par  les  Roumains  et  les  colonics  (trangi^res 
qui  s'y  trouvent,  i  :  1,000,000,  Paris,  1919. 

*"  N.  P.  Comndne:  La  terre  roumaine  a  travers  les  4ges:  Atlas  historiquc,  politique  ct  ethnographique,  20 
maps  in  i  :  4,150,000,    Lausanne  and  Paris,  1919. 

<"  N.  P.  Comn^ne:  La  Dobrogea  (Dobroudja):  Essai  historique.&onomique,  ethnographique,  et  politique, 
208  pp.,  with  10  maps,  Lausanne  and  Paris,  1919;  N.  lorga,  G.  V4Isan,  et  al.:  La  Dobrogea  roumaine:  Etudes 
et  documents,  176  pp.,  separate  from  Bull.  Inst,  pour  I'ktude  de  I'Europe  Sud-orientale,  1919  (for  contents  see 
Bui.  Soc.  Reg.  Romdne  de  Ceo^r.,  Vol.  37,  1916-18,  pp.  630-631). 

*"  Romania  la  confcrintsa  Picii,  Bui.  Soc.  Reg.  Romdne  de  Geogr.,  Vol.  39.  1920,  pp.  223-237. 


4S:;  THE  GEOGRArillCAL  REVIEW 

The  Rumanian  Geographical  Society's  activities  have  been  guided  by 
a  body  made  up  largely  of  men  in  government  administration  and  of 
professional  geographers.  Dr.  S.  C.  Hcpites,  one  of  the  vice-presidents, 
was  fomierly  director  of  the  Rumanian  Meteorological  Office.  Professor 
Mehedintsi  is  head  of  the  Educational  Section  and  Professor  Valsan  is  on 
the  Editorial  Committee.  There  is  also  a  Military  Section,  presided  over 
by  General  lannescu.  It  is  at  present  devoting  itself  to  the  creation  of  a 
Cartographic  Museum  ;''i^  valuable  collections  have  already  been  donated 
by  the  French  and  Italian  war  offices.  Another  undertaking  contemplated 
In-  the  Society  is  a  bibliography  of  Rumanian  geography.^-"  The  society  is 
in  a  flourishing  condition,  its  membership  having  increased  from  less  than 
400  in  1913  to  1500  in  1920.  In  1914,  on  the  death  of  King  Carol  I,  its  late 
president,  it  received  a  bequest  of  300,000  lei. 

Yugoslavia 

In  Yugoslavia  universities  with  incomplete  faculties  have  been  created 
since  the  war  at  Lyublyana  (Laibach),  Subotica  (Maria  Theresiopel),  and 
Skoplye.  Geography  is  represented  only  at  the  existing  universities  of 
Belgrade  and  Zagreb  (Agram).  At  Belgrade  the  subject  has  been  raised  to 
a  high  state  of  development  by  Professor  Jovan  Cvijic,  well  known  for  his 
work  alike  in  physical  and  in  human  geography,  recent  illustrations  of 
which  are  his  critical  elaboration  of  the  cycle  of  erosion  in  a  karst  region^^ 
and  his  excellent  book  on  the  human  geography  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula.*-^ 
In  1910  through  the  instrumentality  of  Professor  Cvijic  the  Serbian  Geo- 
graphical Society  was  founded.  Since  1912  it  has  published  a  journal 
{Glasnik  Srpskog  Geographskog  Drustva)  of  which  six  numbers  have  appeared, 
the  last  two  in  192 1.  The  Glasnik  is  replete  with  papers  of  scientific  value 
on  all  phases  of  the  geography  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula.  Associated  with 
Professor  Cvijic  as  professor  of  geography  is  B.  Milojevic.  Climatology 
(P.  Vujevic)  and  ethnology  (T.  R.  Djordjevic  and  J.  Erdeljanovic)  are  also 
represented.  Likewise  with  Serbia  French  geography  had  close  ties  in  the 
person  of  the  late  Gaston  Gravier,  a  pupil  of  Demangeon  and  lecturer  at 
the  University,  w'hose  death  on  the  battlefield  cuts  short  the  career  of  one 
who  promised  to  develop  into  the  foremost  Western  authority  on  the 
geography  of  the  Serbian  lands. ^^'  At  Zagreb  geography  is  represented  by  a 
professorship  (Milan  Senoa,  who  has  specialized  in  oceanography  and  re- 

*"For  detailed  plan  see  Misiunea  Muzeului  Cartografic  al  Societatsii  Regale  Romane  de  Geografie,  5m/. 
Soc.  Reg,   Romane  de  Geogr.,  Vol.  37,  1916-18,  pp.  418-520. 

*=»  Ibid.,  Vol.  36,  1915.  pp.  859-860. 

'^  Hydrographie  souterraine  et  evolution  morphologique  du  karst,  Recueil  des  Trav.  de  I'Inst.  de  Geogr. 
Alpine  (Grenoble).  Vol.  6,  1918,  pp.  375-426.  Abstracted  by  E.  M.  Sanders:  The  Cycle  of  Erosion  in  a  Karst 
Region  (after  Cvijic),  Geogr.  Rev.,  Vol.  11,  1921,  pp.  593-604. 

*^  La  peninsule  balkanique:  Geographie  humaine,  Paris,  1918.  For  advance  chapters  in  English  see  Geogr. 
Rev.,  Vol.  5,  1918,  pp.  345-361  and  470-482,  and  abstract  of  section  on  natural  regions,  ibid.,  Vol.  9.  1920,  pp. 
199-204. 

<23  Cf.  his  "Les  frontieres  historiques  de  la  Serbie,"  Paris,  1919  ("ce  livre  faisait  presager  un  maitre")  and  "La 
Choumadia,"  Ann.  de  Geogr.,  Vol.  30,  1921,  pp.  271-287,  351-361.  Biographical  notices  in  A  ku.  de  Geogr.,  Vol. 
23-24,  1914-15,  pp.  454-458,  and  Glasnik  Srpskog  Geogr.  Drustva,  No.  5,  p.  313,  1921. 


RECENT  GEOGRAPHICAL  WORK  IN  EUROPE  483 

cently  contributed  a  bibliography  of  the  geography  of  Croatia  and  Slav- 
onia)^-^and  assistant  professorships  in  mathematical  and  physical  geography 
(A.  Gavazzi)  and  meteorology  and  climatology  (A.  Gilic,  A.  Mohoravicic, 
the  latter  also  director  of  the  Institute  of  Meteorology  and  Geodynamics). 

Bulgaria 

Geography  is  well  represented  at  Bulgaria's  only  university,  the  Univer- 
sity of  Sofia,  by  Professor  A.  Ishirkov,  a  pupil  of  Ratzel,  assisted  by  J. 
Radev.  Professor  Ishirkov  has  been  an  active  writer,  and  his  works  are 
known  in  Western  Europe,  as  they  are  accessible  in  German  and  French. 
The  substance  of  several  of  his  earlier  studies  is  contained  in  his  main  work, 
a  two-volume  geography  of  Bulgaria.^^  In  addition  two  papers  on  the 
settlements  and  the  ethnography  of  the  Bulgarians  are  of  interest.''-^  Several 
recent  publications  on  the  Dobrudja  were  called  forth  by  the  peace 
conference.^^'^ 

'  Greece 

At  the  University  of  Athens,  the  only  university  in  Greece,  geography  is 
not  represented.  Some  geographic  work  has  been  done  by  D.  Eginitis, 
professor  of  astronomy.  He  has  written  on  the  climate  of  Athens  and 
Attica.^^^  The  only  other  modern  geographical  work  presumably  by  a 
Greek  which  is  known  to  the  writer  is  a  monograph  on  eastern  Crete 
by  Dr.  Leonidas  Chalikiopoulos*^^  of  Cairo,  who  took  his  degree  under 
Richthofen. 

Conclusion 

Even  a  cursory  examination  of  the  geographical  work  being  done  in 
Europe  cannot  but  impress  one  with  its  variety,  breadth,  and  truly  geo- 
graphical spirit.  To  the  professional  geographer  it  is  an  inspiration,  a 
confirmation  of  his  faith.  From  it  he  can  draw  strength  to  rededicate  him- 
self to  his  task.  Recent  events  have  roused  general  interest  in  his  subject 
and  led  to  a  more  widespread  appreciation  of  its  value  and  mission.  Contact 
with  the  thought  of  his  fellow- workers  abroad  will  help  him  keep  properly 
equipped  for  the  wider  opportunities  for  service  of  the  new  time.  For  us  in 
America  this  contact,  to  our  good  fortune,  has  constantly  become  closer, 
especially  in  the  last  ten  or  fifteen  years.  International  excursions  and 
congresses,  exchange  professorships,  and  co-operation  in  various  enterprises 

*"  Geografska  bibliographija  za  Hrvatsku  i  Slavoniju,  Clasnik  Hrv.  Prirod.  Drultva,  1917. 

*"  A.  Ischirkoff:  Bulgarien:  Land  und  Leute  (in  series:  Bulgarische  Blbliotliek),  2  vols.,  I^ipzig,  1916-17. 

«M  Die  Bevolkerung  in  Bulgarien  und  ihre  Siedelungsverhaltnisse,  Petermanns  Milt.,  Vol.  57.  H,  1911. 
pp.  1 17-122  and  179-185;  Ethnographische  Karte  des  Bulgarentums  auf  der  BalkanlialbinscI  im  Jalirc  191a. 
ibid..  Vol.  61,  191S,  pp.  339-343,  with  map,  I  :  500,000,  PI.  44. 

«' A.  Ichirkoff:  Les  Bulgares  en  Dobroudja:  Apercu  historique  et  ethnographique,  with  map  in  I  :  750.000, 
Berne,  1919;  A.  Ichirkov  and  others:  La  Dobroudja:  Geographic,  histoire,  etlinographie,  importance  6cono. 
niique  et  politique,  Sofia,  1918. 

««To  klima  tes  Hellados,  2  vols.,  Athens,  1908:  Le  climat  de  I'Attique,  Ann.  de  Ciogr.,  Vol.  17.  1908,  pp. 
413-432. 

«»Sitia,  die  Osthalbinsel  Kretas:  Eine  geograpliisclie  Studie,  VerOffentl.  des  J  ml.  fUr  Meertikundt  Univ. 
Berlin,  No.  4,  1903. 


g.  THE  GEOGRAl'lUCAL  RICVIEW 

have  cemented  personal  ties;  European  contributions  to  our  journals  and  our 
increasing  study  of  European  publications,  in  which  the  language  barrier 
has  proven  less  formidable  than  it  sometimes  appeared,  have  aided  the  m- 
terchange  of  thought.  It  is  to  our  own  interest  to  foster  this  interchange  and 
thereby  add  the  stimulus  of  other  points  of  view  to  that  native  genius  which 
promises  to  make  American  geography  of  ever  increasing  value  in  the 
advancement  of  knowledge. 

March,  1Q22 


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